Docker容器安装numpy==2.0.0遇cc编译器错误，求解决方案

问题重现 #

在Docker容器中执行以下命令时出现编译错误：

# pip install numpy==2.0.0
Collecting numpy==2.0.0
  Downloading numpy-2.0.0.tar.gz (18.3 MB)
     ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 18.3/18.3 MB 35.3 MB/s eta 0:00:00
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
  Installing backend dependencies ... done
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error
  
  × Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [12 lines of output]
      + /usr/local/bin/python3.13 /tmp/pip-install-l4g9wf4v/numpy_5970e636fac947f4876fa7f4f02504f9/vendored-meson/meson/meson.py setup /tmp/pip-install-l4g9wf4v/numpy_5970e636fac947f4876fa7f4f02504f9 /tmp/pip-install-l4g9wf4v/numpy_5970e636fac947f4876fa7f4f02504f9/.mesonpy-fskz9xxu -Dbuildtype=release -Db_ndebug=if-release -Db_vscrt=md --native-file=/tmp/pip-install-l4g9wf4v/numpy_5970e636fac947f4876fa7f4f02504f9/.mesonpy-fskz9xxu/meson-python-native-file.ini
      The Meson build system
      Version: 1.2.99
      Source dir: /tmp/pip-install-l4g9wf4v/numpy_5970e636fac947f4876fa7f4f02504f9
      Build dir: /tmp/pip-install-l4g9wf4v/numpy_5970e636fac947f4876fa7f4f02504f9/.mesonpy-fskz9xxu
      Build type: native build
      Project name: NumPy
      Project version: 2.0.0
      
      ../meson.build:1:0: ERROR: Compiler cc cannot compile programs.
      
      A full log can be found at /tmp/pip-install-l4g9wf4v/numpy_5970e636fac947f4876fa7f4f02504f9/.mesonpy-fskz9xxu/meson-logs/meson-log.txt
      [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: metadata-generation-failed

× Encountered error while generating package metadata.
╰─> See above for output.

note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
hint: See above for details.

环境信息 #

解决方案 #

1. 安装编译依赖工具链 #

python:3.13.3-slim镜像为缩小体积移除了C编译器及相关构建工具，安装numpy前需先补全依赖：

apt update && apt install -y build-essential gcc

执行完成后，重新运行pip install numpy==2.0.0即可正常安装。

2. （可选）直接使用预编译wheel包 #

若不想安装编译工具，可尝试强制pip使用预编译二进制包（需对应平台存在numpy 2.0.0的预编译wheel）：

pip install numpy==2.0.0 --only-binary :all:

原因说明 #

numpy 2.0.0在当前环境中需要从源码编译，但slim镜像缺少必要的C编译器（gcc）和构建工具链，导致Meson构建系统无法完成编译检查，从而抛出Compiler cc cannot compile programs错误。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者siruku6