编译C/C++/Fortran代码时无二进制文件生成且无报错的问题排查求助

大家好，我碰到了一个特别棘手的编译问题，折腾了好久都没头绪，想请教下各位大佬：

当我编译C、C++或Fortran代码时，编译器既不生成二进制可执行文件，也不抛出任何错误信息，而且这个问题和使用的编译器无关——我试过gcc、g++、mpic++，还有Fortran的pgf、ifx等，结果完全一致。

举个例子，我用以下命令编译fibo.c和fibo.cpp，执行完后目录里还是只有源文件，没有生成默认的a.out：

$ ls
fibo.c  fibo.cpp

$ g++ fibo.c
$ ls
fibo.c  fibo.cpp

$ gcc fibo.c
$ ls
fibo.c  fibo.cpp

$ mpic++ fibo.cpp
$ ls
fibo.c  fibo.cpp

不过奇怪的是，当代码本身存在语法错误时，编译器是能正常检测并输出错误的。比如我在代码里加了一个未声明的变量d，gcc立刻就给出了报错：

$ gcc fibo.c
fibo.c: In function ‘void fibo(int)’:
fibo.c:13:20: error: ‘d’ was not declared in this scope
13 |       a_1 = a_rec; d

Fortran代码也是同样的情况，编译后找不到可执行文件，我用locate ---.out在整个系统里搜索都找不到踪迹。

我试着用g++ -v查看了编译的详细过程，输出如下：

$ g++ -v fibo.cpp
Using built-in specs. COLLECT_GCC=g++
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/lto-wrapper
OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none:amdgcn-amdhsa OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu Configured with: ../src/configure -v
--with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 11.4.0-1ubuntu1~22.04' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-11/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++,m2 --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-11 --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --enable-bootstrap --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-plugin --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --enable-libphobos-checking=release --with-target-system-zlib=auto --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --enable-cet --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none=/build/gcc-11-XeT9lY/gcc-11-11.4.0/debian/tmp-nvptx/usr,amdgcn-amdhsa=/build/gcc-11-XeT9lY/gcc-11-11.4.0/debian/tmp-gcn/usr
--without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-build-config=bootstrap-lto-lean --enable-link-serialization=2 Thread model: posix Supported LTO compression algorithms: zlib zstd gcc version 11.4.0 (Ubuntu
11.4.0-1ubuntu1~22.04)  COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-shared-libgcc' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64' '-dumpdir' 'a-'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/cc1plus -quiet -v -imultiarch
x86_64-linux-gnu -D_GNU_SOURCE fibo.cpp -quiet -dumpdir a- -dumpbase
fibo.cpp -dumpbase-ext .cpp -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -version
-fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security -fstack-clash-protection -fcf-protection -o /tmp/cckqbXqM.s GNU C++17 (Ubuntu 11.4.0-1ubuntu1~22.04) version
11.4.0 (x86_64-linux-gnu)     compiled by GNU C version 11.4.0, GMP version 6.2.1, MPFR version 4.1.0, MPC version 1.2.1, isl version
isl-0.24-GMP
GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param
ggc-min-heapsize=131072 ignoring duplicate directory
"/usr/include/c++/11" ignoring duplicate directory
"/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/11" ignoring nonexistent directory
"/usr/local/include/x86_64-linux-gnu" ignoring nonexistent directory
"/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/include-fixed" ignoring nonexistent
directory
"/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/../../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/include"
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:  /usr/include/c++/11  .  /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/11  /usr/include/c++/11/backward
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/include  /usr/local/include
/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu  /usr/include End of search list. GNU
C++17 (Ubuntu 11.4.0-1ubuntu1~22.04) version 11.4.0 (x86_64-linux-gnu)
compiled by GNU C version 11.4.0, GMP version 6.2.1, MPFR version
4.1.0, MPC version 1.2.1, isl version isl-0.24-GMP
GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param
ggc-min-heapsize=131072 Compiler executable checksum:
d591828bb4d392ae8b7b160e5bb0b95f COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v'
'-shared-libgcc' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64' '-dumpdir' 'a-'  as
-v --64 -o /tmp/cca5r3ME.o /tmp/cckqbXqM.s GNU assembler version 2.38 (x86_64-linux-gnu) using BFD version (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.38
COMPILER_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/ LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/../../../../lib/:/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/../../../:/lib/:/usr/lib/
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-shared-libgcc' '-mtune=generic'
'-march=x86-64' '-dumpdir' 'a.'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/collect2 -plugin
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/liblto_plugin.so
-plugin-opt=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/lto-wrapper -plugin-opt=-fresolution=/tmp/ccpcQmor.res -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc --build-id --eh-frame-hdr -m elf_x86_64 --hash-style=gnu --as-needed -dynamic-linker
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -pie -z now -z relro
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/crtbeginS.o
-L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11 -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/../../../../lib -L/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/../../.. /tmp/cca5r3ME.o -lstdc++ -lm -lgcc_s -lgcc -lc -lgcc_s -lgcc
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/crtendS.o
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-shared-libgcc' '-mtune=generic'
'-march=x86-64' '-dumpdir' 'a.'

从输出看，编译和链接步骤好像都正常完成了，但就是找不到生成的可执行文件。有没有大佬能指点一下，我应该从哪些方面排查这个问题？

备注：内容来源于stack exchange，提问作者PhysicsInquiries