Web Deploy突发故障：已超过最大同步次数'10'问题的排查与修复求助

我们有一批安装了Web Deploy 3.6的Windows Server 2022和2019服务器，之前部署一直顺风顺水——不管是从Visual Studio手动发布站点，还是用GitHub Actions执行自动化部署，都没出过任何问题。

GitHub Actions里用的部署命令大致如下：

dotnet build WebsiteProjects\Website.Site\Website.Site.csproj /p:Configuration=Release /p:PublishProfile=WebsiteProjects\Website.Site\Properties\PublishProfiles\LIVE.pubxml /p:DeployOnBuild=True /p:Password="${{ secrets.PROD_PASS }}"

但最近一个月突然彻底没法部署了，两种方式都会抛出同一个核心错误：

故障现象 #

• Visual Studio手动发布报错：

C:\Program Files\dotnet\sdk\8.0.100\Sdks\Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Publish\targets\PublishTargets\Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Publish.MSDeploy.targets(140,5): Error : Web deployment task failed. (The synchronization is being stopped because the maximum number of sync passes '10' has been exceeded even though all the changes could not be applied. This could occur if there are external changes being made to the destination.)
Publish failed to deploy.

• GitHub Actions自动化部署报错：

MSDEPLOY : error : The synchronization is being stopped because the maximum number of sync passes '10' has been exceeded even though all the changes could not be applied. This could occur if there are external changes being made to the destination.
[C:\actions-runner_work\Site\Site\WebServiceProjects\WebService.SiteApi\WebService.SiteApi.csproj]

已尝试的排查动作 #

服务器除了常规Windows更新、新增/删除站点外，几年都没改过核心配置，发布配置文件也完全没动过。我们已经试过这些操作，但都没能解决问题：

• 禁用Windows Defender
• 重启Web Deployment代理服务
• 重启服务器
• 重启IIS，甚至部署时先停用目标站点
• 偶尔停用站点并删除inetpub文件夹内的所有文件后，部署能成功，但这种方法并不稳定，没法作为常规解决方案

另外我们还切换过.NET 7和.NET 8的SDK来部署，结果报错完全一致。我已经通过Visual Studio提交过反馈，怀疑是VS更新导致的问题，但也没得到有效线索；服务器的事件查看器里也没发现相关异常日志。

相关配置信息 #

附上我们的发布配置文件示例：

<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
<PropertyGroup>
<WebPublishMethod>MSDeploy</WebPublishMethod>
<LastUsedBuildConfiguration>Release</LastUsedBuildConfiguration>
<LastUsedPlatform>Any CPU</LastUsedPlatform>
<SiteUrlToLaunchAfterPublish>https://...</SiteUrlToLaunchAfterPublish>
<LaunchSiteAfterPublish>true</LaunchSiteAfterPublish>
<ExcludeApp_Data>false</ExcludeApp_Data>
<TargetFramework>net7.0</TargetFramework>
<ProjectGuid>2ca81a89-d8b9-4f72-ba22-dd26757ef8d6</ProjectGuid>
<SelfContained>false</SelfContained>
<_IsPortable>true</_IsPortable>
<MSDeployServiceURL>...</MSDeployServiceURL>
<DeployIisAppPath>...</DeployIisAppPath>
<RemoteSitePhysicalPath />
<MSDeployPublishMethod>WMSVC</MSDeployPublishMethod>
<EnableMSDeployBackup>true</EnableMSDeployBackup>
<UserName>Administrator</UserName>
<_SavePWD>true</_SavePWD>
<SkipExtraFilesOnServer>false</SkipExtraFilesOnServer>
<EnableMSDeployAppOffline>true</EnableMSDeployAppOffline>
<MSDeployUseChecksum>true</MSDeployUseChecksum>
<AllowUntrustedCertificate>True</AllowUntrustedCertificate>
<RuntimeIdentifier>win-x64</RuntimeIdentifier>
</PropertyGroup>
</Project>

现在不管是自动部署还是手动发布都彻底卡壳了，实在找不到问题根源，有没有大佬能给些排查方向或者修复建议？

备注：内容来源于stack exchange，提问作者Dylan