使用PowerShell通过Postfix SMTP中继发送邮件失败问题求助
2026-4-20
PowerShell通过Postfix SMTP中继发送邮件失败问题求助
大家好，我最近在调试PowerShell脚本，想用Send-MailMessage()通过Postfix SMTP中继发送邮件，但一直返回PowerShell错误，邮件根本发不出去。
我查了相关资料后，尝试在脚本里添加（或者提前执行）这条命令来强制使用TLS1.2协议：
[System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [System.Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12;
但执行后问题依旧，错误没有解决。更奇怪的是，Postfix的日志里完全找不到任何和这次发送尝试相关的记录。
另外我直接用我们的Office 365租户测试发送是正常的，说明PowerShell本身的发送逻辑没有问题，问题应该出在Postfix中继配置或者两者的交互环节上。
下面是我用来测试的简单发送命令：
Send-MailMessage -smtpserver $RELAY_POSTFIX -from $FROM -to $RECIPIENTS -subject "Test" -body "Test"
Postfix main.cf 配置文件内容
# See /usr/share/postfix/main.cf.dist for a commented, more complete version # Debian specific: Specifying a file name will cause the first # line of that file to be used as the name. The Debian default # is /etc/mailname. #myorigin = /etc/mailname #smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Ubuntu) biff = no # appending .domain is the MUA's job. append_dot_mydomain = no # Uncomment the next line to generate "delayed mail" warnings #delay_warning_time = 4h readme_directory = no # See http://www.postfix.org/COMPATIBILITY_README.html -- default to 2 on # fresh installs. compatibility_level = 2 # LDAP relay_recipients_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/relay_recipients, ldap:/etc/postfix/ldap-relay_recipients.cf # TLS parameters smtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem smtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key smtpd_use_tls=yes smtpd_tls_received_header=yes smtpd_tls_session_cache_timeout=3600s smtpd_tls_security_level=may smtpd_tls_auth_only=yes smtp_tls_CApath=/etc/ssl/certs smtp_tls_CAfile = /etc/postfix/cacert.pem smtp_tls_security_level=may smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache smtpd_relay_restrictions = permit_mynetworks defer_unauth_destination myhostname = relay.office.chmo.lan mydomain = cimo.ch alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases myorigin = $mydomain mydestination = $myhostname, office.chmo.lan, CIM-MAILRELAY-01, localhost.localdomain, localhost relayhost = [cimomonthey.mail.protection.outlook.com]:25 smtpd_banner = $myhostname smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = no smtp_sasl_password_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128 10.0.0.0/8 172.0.0.0/12 mailbox_size_limit = 0 recipient_delimiter = + inet_interfaces = all inet_protocols = ipv4 #multi_instance_wrapper = ${command_directory}/postmulti -p -- #multi_instance_enable = yes #multi_instance_directories = /etc/postfix-whitelist #smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, # check_client_access hash:/etc/postfix/rbl_whitelist multi_instance_wrapper = ${command_directory}/postmulti -p -- multi_instance_enable = yes multi_instance_directories = /etc/postfix-auth message_size_limit = 150000000
Postfix master.cf 配置文件内容
# # Postfix master process configuration file. For details on the format # of the file, see the master(5) manual page (command: "man 5 master" or # on-line: http://www.postfix.org/master.5.html). # # Do not forget to execute "postfix reload" after editing this file. # # ========================================================================== # service type private unpriv chroot wakeup maxproc command + args # (yes) (yes) (no) (never) (100) # ========================================================================== smtp inet n - n - - smtpd #smtp inet n - y - 1 postscreen #smtpd pass - - y - - smtpd #dnsblog unix - - y - 0 dnsblog #tlsproxy unix - - y - 0 tlsproxy submission inet n - n - - smtpd -o syslog_name=postfix/submission -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes -o smtpd_tls_auth_only=yes -o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject # -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no # -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions # -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions # -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions # -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions= # -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject # -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING #smtps inet n - y - - smtpd # -o syslog_name=postfix/smtps # -o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes # -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes # -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no # -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions # -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions # -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions # -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions= # -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject # -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING #628 inet n - y - - qmqpd pickup unix n - y 60 1 pickup cleanup unix n - y - 0 cleanup qmgr unix n - n 300 1 qmgr #qmgr unix n - n 300 1 oqmgr tlsmgr unix - - y 1000? 1 tlsmgr rewrite unix - - y - - trivial-rewrite bounce unix - - y - 0 bounce defer unix - - y - 0 bounce trace unix - - y - 0 bounce verify unix - - y - 1 verify flush unix n - y 1000? 0 flush proxymap unix - - n - - proxymap proxywrite unix - - n - 1 proxymap smtp unix - - y - - smtp relay unix - - y - - smtp -o syslog_name=postfix/$service_name # -o smtp_helo_timeout=5 -o smtp_connect_timeout=5 showq unix n - y - - showq error unix - - y - - error retry unix - - y - - error discard unix - - y - - discard local unix - n n - - local virtual unix - n n - - virtual lmtp unix - - y - - lmtp anvil unix - - y - 1 anvil scache unix - - y - 1 scache postlog unix-dgram n - n - 1 postlogd # # ==================================================================== # Interfaces to non-Postfix software. Be sure to examine the manual # pages of the non-Postfix software to find out what options it wants. # # Many of the following services use the Postfix pipe(8) delivery # agent. See the pipe(8) man page for information about ${recipient} # and other message envelope options. # ==================================================================== # # maildrop. See the Postfix MAILDROP_README file for details. # Also specify in main.cf: maildrop_destination_recipient_limit=1 # maildrop unix - n n - - pipe flags=DRhu user=vmail argv=/usr/bin/maildrop -d ${recipient} # # ==================================================================== # # Recent Cyrus versions can use the existing "lmtp" master.cf entry. # # Specify in cyrus.conf: # lmtp cmd="lmtpd -a" listen="localhost:lmtp" proto=tcp4 # # Specify in main.cf one or more of the following: # mailbox_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost # virtual_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost # # ==================================================================== # # Cyrus 2.1.5 (Amos Gouaux) # Also specify in main.cf: cyrus_destination_recipient_limit=1 # #cyrus unix - n n - - pipe # user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -r ${sender} -m ${extension} ${user} # # ==================================================================== # Old example of delivery via Cyrus. # #old-cyrus unix - n n - - pipe # flags=R user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -m ${extension} ${user} # # ==================================================================== # # See the Postfix UUCP_README file for configuration details. # uucp unix - n n - - pipe flags=Fqhu user=uucp argv=uux -r -n -z -a$sender - $nexthop!rmail ($recipient) # # Other external delivery methods. # ifmail unix - n n - - pipe flags=F user=ftn argv=/usr/lib/ifmail/ifmail -r $nexthop ($recipient) bsmtp unix - n n - - pipe flags=Fq. user=bsmtp argv=/usr/lib/bsmtp/bsmtp -t$nexthop -f$sender $recipient scalemail-backend unix - n n - 2 pipe flags=R user=scalemail argv=/usr/lib/scalemail/bin/scalemail-store ${nexthop} ${user} ${extension} mailman unix - n n - - pipe flags=FR user=list argv=/usr/lib/mailman/bin/postfix-to-mailman.py ${nexthop} ${user}
我已经把能想到的信息都贴出来了，如果大家需要更多细节或者其他配置文件，随时告诉我，麻烦各位帮忙排查一下问题所在！
备注：内容来源于stack exchange，提问作者ZeRedDiamond
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