Windows10下导入PyMC3/Theano遇AttributeError：theano无compile属性

问题背景 #

你在Windows 10系统下使用Python 3.4 + Anaconda发行版，导入PyMC3时触发了Theano的AttributeError: module 'theano' has no attribute 'compile'错误，且谷歌搜索未找到有效方案。

错误原因 #

这个错误核心是版本兼容性冲突：

• Python 3.4早已停止官方维护，PyMC3和Theano的新版本都不再对其提供支持。新版本Theano的代码结构做了调整，移除了适配Python 3.4的模块引用逻辑，导致找不到compile属性。
• 你的Anaconda环境中，Theano与PyMC3的版本可能不匹配，或者Theano安装过程中出现文件损坏，导致核心模块缺失。

修复方案 #

方案1：升级Python版本（推荐）

Python 3.4已经是淘汰版本，建议升级到Python 3.7~3.9区间的版本（这个区间对PyMC3和Theano的稳定版本支持最好），步骤如下：

1. 打开Anaconda Prompt，创建一个干净的虚拟环境：

   conda create -n pymc_env python=3.8
   

2. 激活新环境：

   conda activate pymc_env
   

3. 安装PyMC3（会自动匹配兼容的Theano版本）：

   conda install -c conda-forge pymc3
   

4. 测试导入：

   import pymc3
   

方案2：降级Theano到兼容Python 3.4的版本（临时应急）

如果暂时无法升级Python，可以尝试安装适配Python 3.4的旧版Theano：

1. 先卸载现有Theano：

   pip uninstall theano -y
   

2. 安装指定版本的Theano：

   pip install theano==1.0.5
   

3. 重新导入PyMC3测试。

错误代码重现 #

import pymc3
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Local\Continuum\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py", line 2910, in run_code
    exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
  File "<ipython-input-6-200e74b8195d>", line 1, in <module>
    import pymc3
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\JetBrains\PyCharm Community Edition 2018.1.2\helpers\pydev\_pydev_bundle\pydev_import_hook.py", line 19, in do_import
    module = self._system_import(name, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Local\Continuum\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pymc3\__init__.py", line 5, in <module>
    from .distributions import *
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\JetBrains\PyCharm Community Edition 2018.1.2\helpers\pydev\_pydev_bundle\pydev_import_hook.py", line 19, in do_import
    module = self._system_import(name, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Local\Continuum\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pymc3\distributions\__init__.py", line 1, in <module>
    from . import timeseries
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\JetBrains\PyCharm Community Edition 2018.1.2\helpers\pydev\_pydev_bundle\pydev_import_hook.py", line 19, in do_import
    module = self._system_import(name, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Local\Continuum\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pymc3\distributions\timeseries.py", line 1, in <module>
    import theano.tensor as tt
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\JetBrains\PyCharm Community Edition 2018.1.2\helpers\pydev\_pydev_bundle\pydev_import_hook.py", line 19, in do_import
    module = self._system_import(name, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Local\Continuum\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\__init__.py", line 124, in <module>
    from theano.scan_module import (scan, map, reduce, foldl, foldr, clone,
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\JetBrains\PyCharm Community Edition 2018.1.2\helpers\pydev\_pydev_bundle\pydev_import_hook.py", line 19, in do_import
    module = self._system_import(name, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Local\Continuum\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\scan_module\__init__.py", line 41, in <module>
    from theano.scan_module import scan_opt
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\JetBrains\PyCharm Community Edition 2018.1.2\helpers\pydev\_pydev_bundle\pydev_import_hook.py", line 19, in do_import
    module = self._system_import(name, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Local\Continuum\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\scan_module\scan_opt.py", line 60, in <module>
    from theano import tensor, scalar
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\JetBrains\PyCharm Community Edition 2018.1.2\helpers\pydev\_pydev_bundle\pydev_import_hook.py", line 19, in do_import
    module = self._system_import(name, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Local\Continuum\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\tensor\__init__.py", line 38, in <module>
    from theano.tensor import nnet # used for softmax, sigmoid, etc.
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\JetBrains\PyCharm Community Edition 2018.1.2\helpers\pydev\_pydev_bundle\pydev_import_hook.py", line 19, in do_import
    module = self._system_import(name, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Local\Continuum\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\tensor\nnet\__init__.py", line 2, in <module>
    from .nnet import (
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\JetBrains\PyCharm Community Edition 2018.1.2\helpers\pydev\_pydev_bundle\pydev_import_hook.py", line 19, in do_import
    module = self._system_import(name, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Local\Continuum\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\tensor\nnet\nnet.py", line 32, in <module>
    from theano.tensor.nnet.sigm import sigmoid, softplus
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\JetBrains\PyCharm Community Edition 2018.1.2\helpers\pydev\_pydev_bundle\pydev_import_hook.py", line 19, in do_import
    module = self._system_import(name, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Local\Continuum\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\tensor\nnet\sigm.py", line 275, in <module>
    theano.compile.optdb['uncanonicalize'].register("local_ultra_fast_sigmoid",
AttributeError: module 'theano' has no attribute 'compile'

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Polina