看你的配置，容器已经正常启动且端口映射没问题，但连接时抛出了网络相关错误，咱们可以从这几个关键点排查解决：

1. 优先排查密码的特殊字符问题 #

你的sa_password里包含了非ASCII字符é，这个字符很可能在环境变量传递或者SQL Server解析时出现编码冲突，导致认证失败。建议先换成纯ASCII的复杂密码（比如RUc@ysd@f_P*yq4），然后重启容器：

docker-compose down
docker-compose up -d

2. 修正SQL Operations Studio的连接配置 #

在连接设置里务必注意这几点：

• 服务器名称填写localhost,1433（明确指定端口，避免默认走Named Pipes协议出问题），不要只写localhost
• 认证方式选SQL登录，用户名固定为sa，密码填你修改后的新密码
• 不要勾选"使用Windows认证"选项

3. 检查本地防火墙/安全软件拦截 #

本地防火墙或者杀毒软件可能会拦截1433端口的外部连接，你可以暂时关闭防火墙，或者给SQL Operations Studio添加允许访问1433端口的规则，再尝试连接。

4. 容器内验证SQL Server服务状态 #

直接进入容器内部，用sqlcmd验证服务是否正常运行：

docker exec -it sqlserlinux_mssqllinux_1 /opt/mssql-tools/bin/sqlcmd -S localhost -U sa -P "你的新密码"

如果能成功进入SQL命令行，说明SQL Server本身没问题，问题出在外部连接的配置上。

5. 尝试切换Docker网络模式 #

默认的bridge模式如果有问题，可以试试切换到host模式（修改docker-compose.yml）：

version: '3'
services:
  mssqllinux:
    image: microsoft/mssql-server-linux:2017-latest
    env_file:
      - ./docker.env
    network_mode: host

重启容器后，连接时服务器名称填localhost即可（host模式下容器直接使用主机网络）。

附：你的原始配置与错误信息 #

docker-compose.yml

version: '3'
services:
  mssqllinux:
    image: microsoft/mssql-server-linux:2017-latest
    env_file:
      - ./docker.env
    ports:
      - "1433:1433"

docker.env

sa_password=RUc@ysd@f_P*yq4é
ACCEPT_EULA=Y
MSSQL_PID=Express

容器运行状态

λ docker-compose ps
 Name               Command             State           Ports
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sqlserlinux_mssqllinux_1   /opt/mssql/bin/sqlservr   Up      0.0.0.0:1433->1433/tcp

错误跟踪信息

System.Data.SqlClient.SqlException (0x80131904): A network-related or instance-specific error occurred while establishing a connection to SQL Server. The server was not found or was not accessible. Verify that the instance name is correct and that SQL Server is configured to allow remote connections. (provider: Named Pipes Provider, error: 40 - Could not open a connection to SQL Server)
---> System.ComponentModel.Win32Exception (53): No se ha encontrado la ruta de acceso de la red
at System.Data.SqlClient.SqlInternalConnectionTds..ctor(DbConnectionPoolIdentity identity, SqlConnectionString connectionOptions, Object providerInfo, Boolean redirectedUserInstance, SqlConnectionString userConnectionOptions, SessionData reconnectSessionData, Boolean applyTransientFaultHandling)
at System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnectionFactory.CreateConnection(DbConnectionOptions options, DbConnectionPoolKey poolKey, Object poolGroupProviderInfo, DbConnectionPool pool, DbConnection owningConnection, DbConnectionOptions userOptions)
at System.Data.ProviderBase.DbConnectionFactory.CreateNonPooledConnection(DbConnection owningConnection, DbConnectionPoolGroup poolGroup, DbConnectionOptions userOptions)
at System.Data.ProviderBase.DbConnectionFactory.<>c__DisplayClass22_0.<TryGetConnection>b__0(Task1 _) at System.Threading.Tasks.ContinuationResultTaskFromResultTask2.InnerInvoke()
at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.RunInternal(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state)
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Threading.Tasks.Task.ExecuteWithThreadLocal(Task& currentTaskSlot)
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.SqlTools.ServiceLayer.Connection.ReliableConnection.ReliableSqlConnection.<>c__DisplayClass28_0.<<OpenAsync>b__0>d.MoveNext() in D:\a\1\s\src\Microsoft.SqlTools.ServiceLayer\Connection\ReliableConnection\ReliableSqlConnection.cs:line 298
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.SqlTools.ServiceLayer.Connection.ConnectionService.TryOpenConnection(ConnectionInfo connectionInfo, ConnectParams connectionParams) in D:\a\1\s\src\Microsoft.SqlTools.ServiceLayer\Connection\ConnectionService.cs:line 542
ClientConnectionId:00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
Error Number:53,State:0,Class:20

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者chalo