尖点三次曲线上满足共线条件的群运算唯一性证明疑问
我最近在看Miles Reid《Undergraduate Algebraic Geometry》第47页的这个问题,遇到了关于唯一性证明的卡点,想请教一下:
2.11 (Group law on cuspidal cubic.) Consider the curve
$$C:(z=x^3)\subset k^2;$$
$C$ is the image of the bijective map $\varphi\colon k\to C$ by $t\mapsto (t,t^3)$, so it inherits a group law from the additive group $k$. Prove that this is the unique group on $C$ such that $(0,0)$ is the neutral element and
$$P+Q+R=0\iff P,Q,R\text{ are collinear}$$
for $P,Q,R\in C$. [Hint: You might find useful the identity
$$\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & a & a^3\
1 & b & b^3\
1&c&c^3\end{array}\right| = (a-b)(b-c)(c-a)(a+b+c).]$$
In projective terms, $C$ is the curve $(Y2Z=X3)$, our old friend with a cusp at the origin and an inflexion point at $(0,1,0)$, and the point of the question is that the usual construction gives a group law on the complement of the singular point.
首先提一下,原问题里定义$C$的方程应该是$y=x^3$,这是个小笔误。我理解的从加法群$k$继承来的群运算应该是:
$$(a,a3)+(b,b3):=(a+b, (a+b)^3)$$
验证这个运算满足“$P+Q+R=0$当且仅当$P,Q,R$共线”的条件我觉得还算直接,用提示里的行列式等于零等价于三点共线就能搞定。但卡在了唯一性的证明上,目前我的思路是这样的:
假设$\odot$是$C$上另一个满足条件的群运算,且$(0,0)$是单位元。取曲线上的任意两点$(s,s3)$和$(t,t3)$,设它们在$\odot$运算下的结果为:
$$(s,s3)\odot(t,t3)=(x_{s,t},x_{s,t}^3)$$
我们的目标是证明$x_{s,t}=s+t$。
如果$s\neq t$,连接$(s,s3)$和$(t,t3)$的直线与曲线$C$的第三个交点是$(-s-t,(-s-t)^3)$。根据共线条件,应该有:
$$(s,s3)\odot(t,t3)\odot(-s-t,(-s-t)^3)=(0,0)$$
代入我们设的结果,就得到:
$$(x_{s,t},x_{s,t}3)\odot(-s-t,(-s-t)3)=(0,0)$$
这说明$(-s-t,(-s-t)3)$是$(x_{s,t},x_{s,t}3)$在$\odot$运算下的逆元。但我怎么才能直接推出$(x_{s,t},x_{s,t}3)=(s+t,(s+t)3)$呢?
备注:内容来源于stack exchange,提问作者user249238

