Nucleo-F411RE与自定义板卡间I2C通信地址异常及连接不稳定问题排查求助

大家好，我现在正在测试自定义板卡（作为I2C主机）和STM32 Nucleo-F411RE（作为I2C从机）之间的通信，用的是i2c-tools工具，但碰到了两个棘手的问题，想请各位帮忙分析下：

• 地址数值疑惑：我在代码里定义的从机地址是0x12，但在自动生成的i2c.c配置文件中，OwnAddress1的赋值却是36，完全搞不懂这两个数值的关联，想知道为什么会出现这种差异？
• 连接不稳定问题：我只尝试了i2cdetect扫描命令，第一次运行能成功找到从机设备，但之后再执行i2cdetect就完全扫不到了，反复出现首次成功、后续失败的情况。

主机端的I2C扫描结果显示首次扫描能识别到目标设备，后续扫描无任何设备响应；从机端的UART输出能看到地址匹配的日志信息，同时也有报错内容输出。

以下是从机端的代码文件，供大家参考：

从机main.c代码 #

/* USER CODE BEGIN Header */
/**
  ******************************************************************************
  * @file           : main.c
  * @brief          : Main program body
  ******************************************************************************
  * @attention
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2024 STMicroelectronics.
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * This software is licensed under terms that can be found in the LICENSE file
  * in the root directory of this software component.
  * If no LICENSE file comes with this software, it is provided AS-IS.
  *
  ******************************************************************************
  */
/* USER CODE END Header */
/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "main.h"
#include "i2c.h"
#include "usart.h"
#include "gpio.h"

/* Private includes ----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN Includes */
#include "stdio.h"
/* USER CODE END Includes */

/* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PTD */

/* USER CODE END PTD */

/* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PD */

#define SLAVE_ADDRESS 0x12
#define BUFFER_SIZE 32

/* USER CODE END PD */

/* Private macro -------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PM */

/* USER CODE END PM */

/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/

/* USER CODE BEGIN PV */

uint8_t rxBuffer[BUFFER_SIZE] = {0};
uint8_t txBuffer[BUFFER_SIZE] = "Hello from STM32!";

/* USER CODE END PV */

/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
void SystemClock_Config(void);
/* USER CODE BEGIN PFP */

/* USER CODE END PFP */

/* Private user code ---------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */

int __io_putchar(int ch)
{
    while(HAL_OK != HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart1, (uint8_t *)&ch, 1, 1000))
    {}
    return ch;
}

void HAL_I2C_ErrorCallback(I2C_HandleTypeDef *hi2c)
{
    if (hi2c->Instance == I2C1)
    {
        printf("State: 0x%02lX, Error: 0x%02lX\r\n",
               (unsigned long)HAL_I2C_GetState(hi2c),
               (unsigned long)HAL_I2C_GetError(hi2c));

        uint32_t errorCode = HAL_I2C_GetError(hi2c);
        printf("I2C Error occurred, Error Code: %lu\r\n", errorCode);

        if (errorCode & HAL_I2C_ERROR_AF)
        {
            printf("Acknowledge Failure: Check address.\r\n");
        }
        if (errorCode & HAL_I2C_ERROR_TIMEOUT)
        {
            printf("Timeout Error.\r\n");
        }

        HAL_I2C_Slave_Receive_IT(&hi2c1, rxBuffer, BUFFER_SIZE);
    }
}

void HAL_I2C_AddrCallback(I2C_HandleTypeDef *hi2c, uint8_t TransferDirection, uint16_t AddrMatchCode)
{
    if (hi2c->Instance == I2C1)
          {
              if (TransferDirection == I2C_DIRECTION_TRANSMIT)
              {
                  printf("Address Matched: 0x%02X, Direction: Transmit\r\n", AddrMatchCode);
              }
              else if (TransferDirection == I2C_DIRECTION_RECEIVE)
              {
                  printf("Address Matched: 0x%02X, Direction: Receive\r\n", AddrMatchCode);
              }
          }
}

/* USER CODE END 0 */

/**
  * @brief  The application entry point.
  * @retval int
  */
int main(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */

  /* USER CODE END 1 */

  /* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/

  /* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
  HAL_Init();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN Init */

  /* USER CODE END Init */

  /* Configure the system clock */
  SystemClock_Config();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */

  /* USER CODE END SysInit */

  /* Initialize all configured peripherals */
  MX_GPIO_Init();
  MX_USART2_UART_Init();
  MX_I2C1_Init();
  MX_USART1_UART_Init();
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */

  printf("\r\n I2C Communication Start \r\n");
  HAL_I2C_Slave_Receive_IT(&hi2c1, rxBuffer, BUFFER_SIZE);

  /* USER CODE END 2 */

  /* Infinite loop */
  /* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */

  while (1)
  {
      HAL_I2C_Slave_Transmit_IT(&hi2c1, txBuffer, BUFFER_SIZE);
      HAL_Delay(1000);
    /* USER CODE END WHILE */

    /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
  }
  /* USER CODE END 3 */
}

/**
  * @brief System Clock Configuration
  * @retval None
  */
void SystemClock_Config(void)
{
  RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct = {0};
  RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct = {0};

  /** Configure the main internal regulator output voltage
  */
  __HAL_RCC_PWR_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_PWR_VOLTAGESCALING_CONFIG(PWR_REGULATOR_VOLTAGE_SCALE1);

  /** Initializes the RCC Oscillators according to the specified parameters
  * in the RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure.
  */
  RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSI;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSIState = RCC_HSI_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSICalibrationValue = RCC_HSICALIBRATION_DEFAULT;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLSource = RCC_PLLSOURCE_HSI;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLM = 16;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLN = 336;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLP = RCC_PLLP_DIV4;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLQ = 4;
  if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  /** Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB buses clocks
  */
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK
                              |RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB2CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;

  if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_2) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
}

/* USER CODE BEGIN 4 */

void HAL_I2C_SlaveRxCpltCallback(I2C_HandleTypeDef *hi2c)
{
  if (hi2c->Instance == I2C1)
  {
      printf("Received: %s\r\n", rxBuffer);
    HAL_I2C_Slave_Receive_IT(&hi2c1, rxBuffer, BUFFER_SIZE);
  }
}

void HAL_I2C_SlaveTxCpltCallback(I2C_HandleTypeDef *hi2c)
{
  if (hi2c->Instance == I2C1)
  {
    printf("Data Sent: %s\r\n", txBuffer);
  }
}

/* USER CODE END 4 */

/**
  * @brief  This function is executed in case of error occurrence.
  * @retval None
  */
void Error_Handler(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN Error_Handler_Debug */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the HAL error return state */
  __disable_irq();
  while (1)
  {
  }
  /* USER CODE END Error_Handler_Debug */
}

#ifdef  USE_FULL_ASSERT
/**
  * @brief  Reports the name of the source file and the source line number
  *         where the assert_param error has occurred.
  * @param  file: pointer to the source file name
  * @param  line: assert_param error line source number
  * @retval None
  */
void assert_failed(uint8_t *file, uint32_t line)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 6 */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the file name and line number,
     ex: printf("Wrong parameters value: file %s on line %d\r\n", file, line) */
  /* USER CODE END 6 */
}
#endif /* USE_FULL_ASSERT */

从机i2c.c代码 #

/* USER CODE BEGIN Header */
/**
  ******************************************************************************
  * @file    i2c.c
  * @brief   This file provides code for the configuration
  *          of the I2C instances.
  ******************************************************************************
  * @attention
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2024 STMicroelectronics.
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * This software is licensed under terms that can be found in the LICENSE file
  * in the root directory of this software component.
  * If no LICENSE file comes with this software, it is provided AS-IS.
  *
  ******************************************************************************
  */
/* USER CODE END Header */
/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "i2c.h"

/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */

/* USER CODE END 0 */

I2C_HandleTypeDef hi2c1;

/* I2C1 init function */
void MX_I2C1_Init(void)
{

  /* USER CODE BEGIN I2C1_Init 0 */

  /* USER CODE END I2C1_Init 0 */

  /* USER CODE BEGIN I2C1_Init 1 */

  /* USER CODE END I2C1_Init 1 */
  hi2c1.Instance = I2C1;
  hi2c1.Init.ClockSpeed = 400000;
  hi2c1.Init.DutyCycle = I2C_DUTYCYCLE_2;
  hi2c1.Init.OwnAddress1 = 36;
  hi2c1.Init.AddressingMode = I2C_ADDRESSINGMODE_7BIT;
  hi2c1.Init.DualAddressMode = I2C_DUALADDRESS_DISABLE;
  hi2c1.Init.OwnAddress2 = 0;
  hi2c1.Init.GeneralCallMode = I2C_GENERALCALL_DISABLE;
  hi2c1.Init.NoStretchMode = I2C_NOSTRETCH_DISABLE;
  if (HAL_I2C_Init(&hi2c1) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  /* USER CODE BEGIN I2C1_Init 2 */
  if (HAL_I2C_EnableListen_IT(&hi2c1) != HAL_OK)
      {
          printf("Error enabling listen mode\r\n");
      }
  /* USER CODE END I2C1_Init 2 */

}

void HAL_I2C_MspInit(I2C_HandleTypeDef* i2cHandle)
{

  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct = {0};
  if(i2cHandle->Instance==I2C1)
  {
  /* USER CODE BEGIN I2C1_MspInit 0 */

  /* USER CODE END I2C1_MspInit 0 */

    __HAL_RCC_GPIOB_CLK_ENABLE();
    /**I2C1 GPIO Configuration
    PB6     -------> I2C1_SCL
    PB7     -------> I2C1_SDA
    */
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = GPIO_PIN_6|GPIO_PIN_7;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_AF_OD;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_VERY_HIGH;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Alternate = GPIO_AF4_I2C1;
    HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOB, &GPIO_InitStruct);

    /* I2C1 clock enable */
    __HAL_RCC_I2C1_CLK_ENABLE();

    /* I2C1 interrupt Init */
    HAL_NVIC_SetPriority(I2C1_EV_IRQn, 0, 0);
    HAL_NVIC_EnableIRQ(I2C1_EV_IRQn);
    HAL_NVIC_SetPriority(I2C1_ER_IRQn, 0, 0);
    HAL_NVIC_EnableIRQ(I2C1_ER_IRQn);
  /* USER CODE BEGIN I2C1_MspInit 1 */

  /* USER CODE END I2C1_MspInit 1 */
  }
}

void HAL_I2C_MspDeInit(I2C_HandleTypeDef* i2cHandle)
{

  if(i2cHandle->Instance==I2C1)
  {
  /* USER CODE BEGIN I2C1_MspDeInit 0 */

  /* USER CODE END I2C1_MspDeInit 0 */
    /* Peripheral clock disable */
    __HAL_RCC_I2C1_CLK_DISABLE();

    /**I2C1 GPIO Configuration
    PB6     -------> I2C1_SCL
    PB7     -------> I2C1_SDA
    */
    HAL_GPIO_DeInit(GPIOB, GPIO_PIN_6);

    HAL_GPIO_DeInit(GPIOB, GPIO_PIN_7);

    /* I2C1 interrupt Deinit */
    HAL_NVIC_DisableIRQ(I2C1_EV_IRQn);
    HAL_NVIC_DisableIRQ(I2C1_ER_IRQn);
  /* USER CODE BEGIN I2C1_MspDeInit 1 */

  /* USER CODE END I2C1_MspDeInit 1 */
  }
}

/* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */

/* USER CODE END 1 */

备注：内容来源于stack exchange，提问作者원종진