如何通过Fortran获取操作系统版本、CPU架构及核心数等系统信息？

嘿，这个问题我刚好研究过！用Fortran获取这些系统信息确实需要分平台处理，毕竟不同操作系统的API和命令差异不小。下面我给你拆解每个需求的实现方式，代码都是可直接运行的：

Fortran的主流编译器（GCC、Intel Fortran等）都支持预处理宏，可以直接识别常见操作系统，这是最省心的方式：

program get_os_name
    implicit none
#ifdef _WIN32
    print *, "Operating System: Windows"
#elif __APPLE__
    print *, "Operating System: macOS"
#elif __linux__
    print *, "Operating System: Linux"
#else
    print *, "Operating System: Unknown"
#endif
end program get_os_name

编译时编译器会自动替换对应宏，直接输出系统名称。

这个就得调用系统API或者执行系统命令了，分Windows和Unix-like（Linux/macOS）两种情况：

Windows平台（调用WinAPI） #

用GetVersionExW函数获取详细版本信息：

program get_win_version
    use, intrinsic :: iso_c_binding
    implicit none

    type, bind(c) :: OSVERSIONINFOEX
        integer(c_ulong) :: dwOSVersionInfoSize
        integer(c_ulong) :: dwMajorVersion
        integer(c_ulong) :: dwMinorVersion
        integer(c_ulong) :: dwBuildNumber
        integer(c_ulong) :: dwPlatformId
        character(c_char) :: szCSDVersion(128)
        integer(c_ushort) :: wServicePackMajor
        integer(c_ushort) :: wServicePackMinor
        integer(c_ushort) :: wSuiteMask
        integer(c_byte) :: wProductType
        integer(c_byte) :: wReserved
    end type OSVERSIONINFOEX

    interface
        integer(c_long) function GetVersionExW(osvi) bind(c, name='GetVersionExW')
            import :: OSVERSIONINFOEX
            type(OSVERSIONINFOEX), intent(inout) :: osvi
        end function GetVersionExW
    end interface

    type(OSVERSIONINFOEX) :: osvi
    integer(c_long) :: result

    osvi%dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(osvi)
    result = GetVersionExW(osvi)

    if (result /= 0) then
        print *, "Windows Version: ", osvi%dwMajorVersion, ".", osvi%dwMinorVersion, " Build ", osvi%dwBuildNumber
        print *, "Service Pack: ", osvi%wServicePackMajor, ".", osvi%wServicePackMinor
    else
        print *, "Failed to get Windows version"
    end if
end program get_win_version

Linux/macOS平台（执行系统命令） #

通过execute_command_line调用系统命令获取版本：

program get_unix_version
    implicit none
    character(len=256) :: version_output
    integer :: iostat

#ifdef __linux__
    ! Linux用lsb_release显示发行版名称和版本
    call execute_command_line("lsb_release -d | cut -f2", output=version_output, exitstat=iostat, wait=.true.)
#elif __APPLE__
    ! macOS用sw_vers获取产品版本
    call execute_command_line("sw_vers -productVersion", output=version_output, exitstat=iostat, wait=.true.)
#endif

    if (iostat == 0) then
        print *, "OS Version: ", trim(version_output)
    else
        print *, "Failed to get OS version"
    end if
end program get_unix_version

两种方式：预处理指令识别，或者调用系统命令/API：

预处理指令方式（简单直接） #

program get_cpu_arch
    implicit none
#ifdef _WIN64
    print *, "CPU Architecture: 64-bit (x86_64)"
#elif _WIN32
    print *, "CPU Architecture: 32-bit (x86)"
#elif __x86_64__
    print *, "CPU Architecture: 64-bit (x86_64)"
#elif __i386__
    print *, "CPU Architecture: 32-bit (x86)"
#elif __aarch64__
    print *, "CPU Architecture: 64-bit (ARM64)"
#elif __arm__
    print *, "CPU Architecture: 32-bit (ARM)"
#else
    print *, "CPU Architecture: Unknown"
#endif
end program get_cpu_arch

系统命令/API方式（更准确） #

Windows用GetSystemInfo，Linux/macOS用uname -m，逻辑和前面的版本获取类似，这里就不重复写了。

同样分平台实现：

Windows平台（WinAPI） #

用GetSystemInfo获取处理器数量：

program get_win_cores
    use, intrinsic :: iso_c_binding
    implicit none

    type, bind(c) :: SYSTEM_INFO
        integer(c_ushort) :: wProcessorArchitecture
        integer(c_ushort) :: wReserved
        integer(c_ulong) :: dwPageSize
        type(c_ptr) :: lpMinimumApplicationAddress
        type(c_ptr) :: lpMaximumApplicationAddress
        type(c_ptr) :: dwActiveProcessorMask
        integer(c_ulong) :: dwNumberOfProcessors
        integer(c_ulong) :: dwProcessorType
        integer(c_ulong) :: dwAllocationGranularity
        integer(c_ushort) :: wProcessorLevel
        integer(c_ushort) :: wProcessorRevision
    end type SYSTEM_INFO

    interface
        subroutine GetSystemInfo(si) bind(c, name='GetSystemInfo')
            import :: SYSTEM_INFO
            type(SYSTEM_INFO), intent(out) :: si
        end subroutine GetSystemInfo
    end interface

    type(SYSTEM_INFO) :: si

    call GetSystemInfo(si)
    print *, "Number of CPU Cores: ", si%dwNumberOfProcessors
end program get_win_cores

Linux/macOS平台（sysconf或系统命令） #

优先调用sysconf函数，失败时fallback到系统命令：

program get_unix_cores
    use, intrinsic :: iso_c_binding
    implicit none

    interface
        function sysconf(name) bind(c, name='sysconf')
            import :: c_int, c_long
            integer(c_int), intent(in) :: name
            integer(c_long) :: sysconf
        end function sysconf
    end interface

    integer(c_int), parameter :: _SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN = 84 ! 通用参数
    integer(c_long) :: core_count
    character(len=256) :: output
    integer :: iostat

    core_count = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN)
    if (core_count > 0) then
        print *, "Number of CPU Cores: ", core_count
    else
        ! 调用nproc命令（Linux）或sysctl（macOS）
#ifdef __linux__
        call execute_command_line("nproc", output=output, exitstat=iostat)
#elif __APPLE__
        call execute_command_line("sysctl -n hw.ncpu", output=output, exitstat=iostat)
#endif
        if (iostat == 0) then
            read(output, *) core_count
            print *, "Number of CPU Cores: ", core_count
        else
            print *, "Failed to get CPU core count"
        end if
    end if
end program get_unix_cores

最后提醒一句：如果要写跨平台的代码，可以把这些逻辑用预处理指令整合到一个程序里，编译时会自动适配目标系统。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Daniel R. Livingston