Ubuntu16编译pycaffe遇Python.h缺失问题（python-devel无效）求解决

Hey there, I’ve run into this exact issue dozens of times—since you’re using Anaconda’s Python instead of Ubuntu’s system Python, installing python-devel (the system package) won’t help at all. Caffe is still looking for headers/libraries in the system Python paths instead of your Anaconda environment. Let’s fix this step by step:

1. Confirm Your Anaconda Python Path #

First, make sure you know where your Anaconda 3.6 is installed. Run this command in your terminal:

which python

You should get something like ~/anaconda3/bin/python (adjust the path if you installed Anaconda in a different location). Verify the corresponding include directory (where Python.h lives) exists with:

ls ~/anaconda3/include/python3.6m/Python.h

2. Update makefile.config for Anaconda #

Open your Caffe directory’s makefile.config (copy Makefile.config.example to Makefile.config if you haven’t already) and modify these key sections:

a. Point PYTHON_INCLUDE to Anaconda #

Find the PYTHON_INCLUDE section, comment out the system Python lines, and replace them with your Anaconda paths:

# PYTHON_INCLUDE := /usr/include/python2.7 \
# 		/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/numpy/core/include
# Uncomment for Anaconda Python distribution
PYTHON_INCLUDE := $(HOME)/anaconda3/include \
		$(HOME)/anaconda3/include/python3.6m \
		$(HOME)/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include

b. Set PYTHON_LIB to Anaconda’s Library Path #

Find the PYTHON_LIB section, comment out the system line, and use your Anaconda lib path:

# PYTHON_LIB := /usr/lib
PYTHON_LIB := $(HOME)/anaconda3/lib

c. Enable Python Layers #

Make sure this line is uncommented (it’s required for pycaffe):

WITH_PYTHON_LAYER := 1

3. Clean Old Build Files and Recompile #

Before rebuilding, clear any cached build files to avoid conflicts:

make clean

Then compile Caffe and pycaffe (use -j$(nproc) to speed up compilation with all your CPU cores):

make all -j$(nproc)
make pycaffe

4. Troubleshooting If It Still Fails #

• Check Environment Variables: Ensure your Anaconda lib path is in LD_LIBRARY_PATH so the linker can find the Python libraries. Add this to your ~/.bashrc:

  export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$HOME/anaconda3/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
  

  Then reload your bashrc with source ~/.bashrc before recompiling.

• Verify Anaconda Headers Are Installed: If Python.h is missing in your Anaconda include directory, reinstall Python in your Anaconda environment to ensure headers are included:

  conda install python=3.6 --force-reinstall
  

• For Python 2.7 Attempts: If you tried switching to Python 2.7, you need to update makefile.config to point to your Anaconda Python 2.7 paths (e.g., ~/anaconda3/envs/py27/include/python2.7/ instead of the 3.6 path) instead of just switching the Python version.

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者J. Devez