如何制作自定义Ubuntu系统ISO镜像并刻录至DVD且附带哈希值？

Alright, let's break this down step by step—since you’ve already got your Ubuntu setup tuned perfectly, creating a custom ISO and burning it to DVD with a verification hash is totally straightforward. Here’s how to do it:

You’ll need a tool to package your configured system into a bootable ISO. Systemback is a solid, user-friendly option for this:

• First, add the required PPA (for newer Ubuntu versions that don’t include Systemback in default repos):

  sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nemh/systemback
  sudo apt update
  

• Install Systemback:

  sudo apt install systemback
  

• Launch Systemback from your applications menu.
• From the left sidebar, select Live system create.
• Tweak the settings to your needs:
  • Check "Include user data files" if you want your personal documents and settings included (skip this if you only want the base system setup).
  • Give your ISO a descriptive name under "Live system name".
• Click Create new to start generating the ISO. This might take 10-30 minutes depending on how much data you’re including.
• Once finished, you’ll find your ISO file in /home/systemback/livefiles/ (the tool will also show you the exact path when done).

A hash ensures that the ISO (and the burned DVD) hasn’t been corrupted. SHA256 is the most secure choice, but MD5 works too:

• Open a terminal and navigate to the folder with your ISO:

  cd /home/systemback/livefiles/
  

• Generate a SHA256 hash and save it to a file:

  sha256sum your-custom-iso-name.iso > your-custom-iso-name.iso.sha256
  

• If you prefer MD5 (older but widely supported):

  md5sum your-custom-iso-name.iso > your-custom-iso-name.iso.md5
  

• You can open the resulting .sha256 or .md5 file with any text editor to see the hash string paired with your ISO filename.

Now let’s get everything onto a DVD so it’s usable on other identical machines:

1. Burn the bootable ISO:
   • Insert a blank DVD into your optical drive.
   • Use Ubuntu’s built-in Disks tool:
     • Open Disks from your apps menu, select your DVD drive from the left sidebar.
     • Click the three-dot menu in the top right, choose "Restore Disk Image".
     • Select your custom ISO, then click "Start Restoring" and follow the prompts to confirm.
   • Or use Brasero (if you have it installed):
     • Open Brasero, select "Burn image".
     • Pick your ISO file, ensure your DVD drive is selected, then click "Burn".
2. Add the hash file to the DVD:
   • Eject the DVD, then reinsert it—it should mount as a read-write disc (if not, use Brasero’s "Data project" option):
     • Open Brasero, select "Data project", drag and drop your .sha256/.md5 file into the project window.
     • Select your DVD drive and click "Burn" to add the file to the disc.
   • If the DVD is full after burning the ISO, print the hash string and include it with the DVD, or save the hash file to a small USB drive paired with the DVD.

To make sure the DVD was burned without errors:

• Insert the DVD, mount it, and copy the ISO from the DVD to your local machine:

  cp /media/your-username/DVD_LABEL/your-custom-iso-name.iso ~/Downloads/
  

• Generate a hash for the copied ISO:

  sha256sum ~/Downloads/your-custom-iso-name.iso
  

• Compare this hash to the one in your .sha256 file—they should be identical. If they match, your DVD is good to go!

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Nikola Tesla Mandici