pip安装spaCy失败，报错提示NumPy需要GCC >= 8.4

问题描述 #

我想在项目中使用spaCy，但通过pip安装失败，命令行报错如下：

pip install spacy
Collecting spacy
  Using cached spacy-3.8.2.tar.gz (1.3 MB)
  Installing build dependencies ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error

  × pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [103 lines of output]
      Ignoring numpy: markers 'python_version < "3.9"' don't match your environment
      Collecting setuptools
        Using cached setuptools-76.0.0-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (6.7 kB)
      Collecting cython<3.0,>=0.25
        Using cached Cython-0.29.37-py2.py3-none-any.whl.metadata (3.1 kB)
      Collecting cymem<2.1.0,>=2.0.2
        Using cached cymem-2.0.11-cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl.metadata (8.8 kB)
      Collecting preshed<3.1.0,>=3.0.2
        Using cached preshed-3.0.9.tar.gz (14 kB)
        Installing build dependencies: started
        Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'done'
        Getting requirements to build wheel: started
        Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'
        Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): started
        Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
      Collecting murmurhash<1.1.0,>=0.28.0
        Using cached murmurhash-1.0.12-cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl.metadata (2.2 kB)
      Collecting thinc<8.4.0,>=8.3.0
        Using cached thinc-8.3.2.tar.gz (193 kB)
        Installing build dependencies: started
        Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'error'
        error: subprocess-exited-with-error

        pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
        exit code: 1

        [65 lines of output]
        Ignoring numpy: markers 'python_version < "3.9"' don't match your environment
        Collecting setuptools
          Using cached setuptools-76.0.0-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (6.7 kB)
        Collecting cython<3.0,>=0.25
          Using cached Cython-0.29.37-py2.py3-none-any.whl.metadata (3.1 kB)
        Collecting murmurhash<1.1.0,>=1.0.2
          Using cached murmurhash-1.0.12-cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl.metadata (2.2 kB)
        Collecting cymem<2.1.0,>=2.0.2
          Using cached cymem-2.0.11-cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl.metadata (8.8 kB)
        Collecting preshed<3.1.0,>=3.0.2
          Using cached preshed-3.0.9.tar.gz (14 kB)
          Installing build dependencies: started
          Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'done'
          Getting requirements to build wheel: started
          Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'
          Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): started
          Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
        Collecting blis<1.1.0,>=1.0.0
          Using cached blis-1.0.2-cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl.metadata (7.8 kB)
        Collecting numpy<2.1.0,>=2.0.0
          Using cached numpy-2.0.2.tar.gz (18.9 MB)
          Installing build dependencies: started
          Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'done'
          Getting requirements to build wheel: started
          Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'
          Installing backend dependencies: started
          Installing backend dependencies: finished with status 'done'
          Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): started
          Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'error'
          error: subprocess-exited-with-error

          Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
          exit code: 1

          [19 lines of output]
          + C:\Users\ronal\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\python.exe C:\Users\ronal\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-bpp4n0ch\numpy_744bbb085194411e9f392421c1dd5e5e\vendored-meson\meson\meson.py setup C:\Users\ronal\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-bpp4n0ch\numpy_744bbb085194411e9f392421c1dd5e5e C:\Users\ronal\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-bpp4n0ch\numpy_744bbb085194411e9f392421c1dd5e5e\.mesonpy-8ls7xc0w -Dbuildtype=release -Db_ndebug=if-release -Db_vscrt=md --native-file=C:\Users\ronal\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-bpp4n0ch\numpy_744bbb085194411e9f392421c1dd5e5e\.mesonpy-8ls7xc0w\meson-python-native-file.ini
          The Meson build system
          Version: 1.4.99
          Source dir: C:\Users\ronal\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-bpp4n0ch\numpy_744bbb085194411e9f392421c1dd5e5e
          Build dir: C:\Users\ronal\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-bpp4n0ch\numpy_744bbb085194411e9f392421c1dd5e5e\.mesonpy-8ls7xc0w
          Build type: native build
          Project name: NumPy
          Project version: 2.0.2
          C compiler for the host machine: gcc (gcc 6.3.0 "gcc (MinGW.org GCC-6.3.0-1) 6.3.0")
          C linker for the host machine: gcc ld.bfd 2.28
          C++ compiler for the host machine: c++ (gcc 6.3.0 "c++ (MinGW.org GCC-6.3.0-1) 6.3.0")
          C++ linker for the host machine: c++ ld.bfd 2.28
          Cython compiler for the host machine: cython (cython 3.0.12)
          Host machine cpu family: x86
          Host machine cpu: x86

          ..\meson.build:28:4: ERROR: Problem encountered: NumPy requires GCC >= 8.4

          A full log can be found at C:\Users\ronal\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-bpp4n0ch\numpy_744bbb085194411e9f392421c1dd5e5e\.mesonpy-8ls7xc0w\meson-logs\meson-log.txt
          [end of output]

          note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
        error: metadata-generation-failed

        Encountered error while generating package metadata.

        See above for output.

        note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
        hint: See above for details.
        [end of output]

        note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
      error: subprocess-exited-with-error

      pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
      exit code: 1

      See above for output.

      note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
      [end of output]

  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

我尝试用pip install spacy安装spaCy但一直失败，现在无法导入spaCy，希望有人能帮忙解决这个问题。

解决方案 #

从报错日志里能一眼看到核心问题：你的系统当前使用的GCC版本是6.3.0，而NumPy 2.0.2要求GCC版本至少8.4，这才引发了后续一系列安装失败的连锁反应。下面给你几个实用的解决办法，按推荐程度排序：

1. 先安装兼容旧GCC的NumPy版本，再安装spaCy

这是最快的临时解决方案，不需要升级编译器：

• 先手动安装对GCC要求更低的NumPy 1.26.4版本：

  pip install numpy==1.26.4
  

• 安装完成后，再执行spaCy的安装命令：

  pip install spacy
  

  这样pip会复用已安装的兼容版NumPy，不会再去尝试编译需要高版本GCC的NumPy 2.x。

2. 升级你的GCC编译器（长期解决方案）

如果之后还需要安装其他需要编译的Python包，升级编译器是一劳永逸的办法：

• Windows系统：
  推荐使用MinGW-w64来安装高版本GCC：
  • 下载MinGW-w64的官方安装器，选择x86_64架构，GCC版本选择8.4及以上（比如12.x版本更稳定）
  • 安装完成后，把MinGW安装目录下的bin文件夹添加到系统环境变量PATH中
  • 打开新的命令行窗口，输入gcc --version确认版本已更新成功
• Linux系统：
  根据你的发行版用包管理器升级：
  • Debian/Ubuntu系：

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install gcc-8 g++-8
    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-8 100
    

  • RHEL/CentOS系：

    sudo dnf install gcc8
    

3. 用Conda安装（如果你的环境有Conda）

Conda的预编译包已经处理好了所有编译依赖问题，不需要自己管编译器版本：

conda install -c conda-forge spacy

备注：内容来源于stack exchange，提问作者Ronal George