求助：Ubuntu 17.10无法启动，戴尔设备硬件检测正常，需系统恢复指导

Hey there, let's walk through getting your Ubuntu 17.10 back up and running step by step—since you're new to this, I'll keep things super clear and skip any confusing jargon.

A faulty or improperly created USB is one of the most common reasons recovery fails. Let's fix that first:

• Recreate the USB boot drive:
  • If you have access to a Windows machine, use Rufus (it's free and beginner-friendly). Grab the official Ubuntu 17.10 ISO (double-check the version—don't download a newer one by mistake), select your USB drive in Rufus, and choose "DD Image" mode before starting the creation.
  • If you have another Ubuntu machine, use the built-in "Startup Disk Creator" tool instead.
• Test the USB on another device: Plug the USB into a different computer and see if you can boot into the "Try Ubuntu without installing" mode. If not, your USB is likely corrupted—swap it for a new one and retry.

Dell's default BIOS settings can sometimes block Ubuntu from booting. Here's how to adjust them:

• Boot your Dell and repeatedly press F2 (most models use F2; a few use F12) to enter the BIOS. Don't worry if you miss it on the first try—just restart and try again.
• Find the Boot Sequence section and move your USB drive to the top of the list so it boots first.
• Enable/disable these critical settings:
  • Turn off Secure Boot: Ubuntu 17.10 doesn't play nicely with this feature. Look for the Secure Boot option and set it to Disabled.
  • Try Legacy Boot if UEFI fails: Some older Dell models work better with Legacy mode enabled. Look for the "Boot Mode" option and switch it to Legacy if UEFI isn't working.
• Save your changes (press F10) and restart your machine with the USB plugged in.

If you can get into the "Try Ubuntu without installing" mode, we can repair your original system instead of reinstalling:

1. Open the terminal by pressing Ctrl+Alt+T.
2. Find your Ubuntu system partition: Run sudo fdisk -l and look for the entry labeled "Linux filesystem" (it'll usually be /dev/sda1 for a regular hard drive, or /dev/nvme0n1p2 for an SSD).
3. Mount your system partition: Replace /dev/sda1 with your partition path and run:

   sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
   

4. Bind critical system directories to the mounted partition:

   sudo mount --bind /dev /mnt/dev
   sudo mount --bind /proc /mnt/proc
   sudo mount --bind /sys /mnt/sys
   

5. Switch to your original system's root directory:

   sudo chroot /mnt
   

6. Repair the GRUB bootloader (the most common cause of startup crashes):

   sudo update-grub
   sudo grub-install /dev/sda
   

7. Exit the chroot environment and restart:

   exit
   sudo reboot
   

   Remove the USB when your machine restarts—your system should now boot normally.

If the above steps don't work, your system might be too corrupted to fix. Let's save your data first:

• From the "Try Ubuntu without installing" mode, open the file manager and navigate to your mounted Ubuntu partition. Copy all important files (Documents, Pictures, Downloads, etc.) to another USB or external hard drive.
• Start the Ubuntu installer by clicking "Install Ubuntu".
• When you reach the installation type screen, select Something else (custom partitioning):
  • Find your original Ubuntu partition, set it as the / (root) directory, choose ext4 as the filesystem, and check the "Format" box if you want a clean reinstall.
  • Make sure the bootloader is installed to /dev/sda (not a specific partition), then proceed with the installation.

• When typing terminal commands, double-check for typos—if you mess up, press Ctrl+C to cancel and try again.
• Dell's BIOS has a language switch option (usually in the "System Configuration" section) if you prefer using Chinese instead of English.
• Ubuntu 17.10 is no longer supported (it reached end-of-life in July 2018). If you're doing a clean reinstall, consider switching to the latest LTS version (Ubuntu 22.04) for better stability and longer support.

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Nermeen Hussein