将GitHub Action重构为并行运行后任务失败是什么原因？

问题根因 #

GitHub Actions 中每个job默认运行在完全独立的全新虚拟机实例上，needs语法仅用于控制job的执行先后顺序，不会共享前序job的文件系统、安装的软件、启动的服务等资源。你在setup job内完成的拉取代码、安装依赖、启动数据库操作，对后续依赖setup的job完全不可见，所以后续job执行npm命令时找不到package.json文件，直接抛出enoent错误。

解决方案 #

你可以在每个需要执行代码相关操作的job中补充公共前置步骤，同时搭配依赖缓存降低重复安装的耗时，需要用到PostgreSQL的job单独配置数据库服务即可，修改后的配置参考如下：

name: CI
on: push
env:
  DATABASE_URL: "postgresql://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432/postgres"
  NEXT_PUBLIC_API_HOST: "http://localhost:3000"
  NEXTAUTH_URL: "http://localhost:3000"
  NODE_ENV: "test"
  PORT: "3000"

# 定义node_modules缓存规则，避免重复安装依赖
cache_deps: &cache_deps
  - name: Cache node_modules
    uses: actions/cache@v3
    id: node_modules_cache
    with:
      path: node_modules
      key: ${{ runner.os }}-node-${{ hashFiles('**/package-lock.json') }}
      restore-keys: |
        ${{ runner.os }}-node-

jobs:
  # 可保留setup做预校验，也可直接删除，按需选择
  setup:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - <<: *cache_deps
      - name: Install dependencies
        if: steps.node_modules_cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
        run: npm i

  type_check:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: setup
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - <<: *cache_deps
      - name: Install dependencies
        if: steps.node_modules_cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
        run: npm i
      - name: Check types
        run: npm run typecheck

  lint:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: setup
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - <<: *cache_deps
      - name: Install dependencies
        if: steps.node_modules_cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
        run: npm i
      - name: Run lint
        run: npm run lint

  unit_tests:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: setup
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - <<: *cache_deps
      - name: Install dependencies
        if: steps.node_modules_cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
        run: npm i
      - name: Run unit tests
        run: npm test

  integration_tests:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: setup
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Set up test database
        uses: harmon758/postgresql-action@v1
        with:
          postgresql version: "11"
          postgresql db: "postgres"
          postgresql user: "postgres"
          postgresql password: "postgres"
      - <<: *cache_deps
      - name: Install dependencies
        if: steps.node_modules_cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
        run: npm i
      - name: Apply database schema
        run: npm run db:push
      - name: Seed database
        run: npm run db:seed
      - name: Build app
        run: npm run build
      - name: Integration tests
        uses: cypress-io/github-action@v2
        with:
          start: npm start
          wait-on: http://localhost:3000/
      - name: Upload screenshots
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        if: failure()
        with:
          name: cypress-screenshots
          path: cypress/screenshots
      - name: Upload videos
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        if: failure()
        with:
          name: cypress-videos
          path: cypress/videos

上述配置用YAML锚点复用了缓存逻辑，依赖仅会在首次没有命中缓存时安装一次，后续所有job都会复用缓存的node_modules，不会额外增加耗时。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者parasomnist