如何为Elasticsearch的docker-compose.yml配置预导入索引数据的存储卷

首先明确：Elasticsearch 官方镜像没有内置类似PostgreSQL的/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d自动执行初始化脚本的机制，需要额外添加初始化辅助服务实现需求，具体配置步骤如下：

1. 准备初始化脚本 #

在本地新建./docker/es-init目录，在目录下创建init-es.sh脚本（扩展名使用.sh即可，本质是调用curl执行ES API的shell脚本），脚本内容如下：

#!/bin/sh
# 等待ES服务完全启动
until curl -s http://elasticsearch:9200/_cluster/health | grep -E '"status":"(green|yellow)"' > /dev/null; do
  echo "等待Elasticsearch启动中..."
  sleep 2
done

# 创建test索引
curl -X PUT "http://elasticsearch:9200/test" -H "Content-Type: application/json"

# 批量导入数据
curl -X POST "http://elasticsearch:9200/_bulk" -H "Content-Type: application/x-ndjson" --data-binary @- <<EOF
{ "index" : { "_index" : "test"} }
{ "name" : "A" }
{ "index" : { "_index" : "test"} }
{ "name" : "B" }
{ "index" : { "_index" : "test"} }
{ "name" : "C" }
{ "index" : { "_index" : "test"} }
{ "name" : "D" }

EOF

echo "ES初始化数据完成"

给本地脚本加执行权限：chmod +x ./docker/es-init/init-es.sh

2. 修改docker-compose.yml配置 #

需要给ES服务新增健康检查，同时新增独立的初始化服务，修改后完整配置如下：

version: '3.7'

services:
  elasticsearch:
    image: docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch:7.4.0
    container_name: elasticsearch
    environment:
      - xpack.security.enabled=false
      - discovery.type=single-node
    ulimits:
      memlock:
        soft: -1
        hard: -1
      nofile:
        soft: 65536
        hard: 65536
    cap_add:
      - IPC_LOCK
    volumes:
      - elasticsearch-data:/usr/share/elasticsearch/data
    ports:
      - 9200:9200
      - 9300:9300
    # 新增健康检查，判断ES是否启动完成
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "curl -s http://localhost:9200/_cluster/health | grep -E '\"status\":\"(green|yellow)\"'"]
      interval: 2s
      timeout: 10s
      retries: 30

  # 新增ES初始化服务
  es-init:
    image: alpine/curl:3.18
    container_name: es-init
    volumes:
      # 挂载本地初始化脚本目录到容器内
      - ./docker/es-init:/init
    depends_on:
      elasticsearch:
        condition: service_healthy
    command: ["/bin/sh", "/init/init-es.sh"]

  kibana:
    container_name: kibana
    image: docker.elastic.co/kibana/kibana:7.4.0
    environment:
      - ELASTICSEARCH_HOSTS=http://elasticsearch:9200
    ports:
      - 5601:5601
    depends_on:
      elasticsearch:
        condition: service_healthy

volumes:
  elasticsearch-data:
    driver: local

3. 执行说明 #

首次启动时es-init服务会自动等待ES就绪后执行索引创建和数据导入，导入完成后该服务会自动退出。如果数据卷elasticsearch-data已经存在（即ES已经初始化过），可以手动注释掉es-init服务避免重复执行导入逻辑。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Alex Man