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STM32F446RET多ADC通道采集温度仅单通道值正确问题

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开发者阿泽
2026-9-1
问题描述

本人使用Nucleo64 STM32F446开发板，尝试分别采用轮询法、DMA法读取3路温度传感器数据，但两种实现方式下均仅能获取1路正确数值，实测各ADC输入引脚电压一致，暂未定位到故障原因。

工程配置截图

配置截图
配置截图
配置截图

以下为轮询方式实现代码：

#include "main.h"

/* Private includes ----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN Includes */
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>


/* USER CODE END Includes */

/* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PTD */

/* USER CODE END PTD */

/* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PD */

/* USER CODE END PD */

/* Private macro -------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PM */

/* USER CODE END PM */

/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/
ADC_HandleTypeDef hadc1;

/* USER CODE BEGIN PV */

/* USER CODE END PV */

/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
void SystemClock_Config(void);
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void);
static void MX_ADC1_Init(void);
/* USER CODE BEGIN PFP */

/* USER CODE END PFP */

/* Private user code ---------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */

double  Temp1 = 0;
double  Temp2 = 0;
double  Temp3 = 0;

double  resistance1;
double  resistance2;
double  resistance3;

uint16_t ADC_VAL[3];

void ADC_Select_CH1(void){
     ADC_ChannelConfTypeDef sConfig = {0};
      sConfig.Channel = ADC_CHANNEL_1;
      sConfig.Rank = 1;
      sConfig.SamplingTime = ADC_SAMPLETIME_15CYCLES;
      if (HAL_ADC_ConfigChannel(&hadc1, &sConfig) != HAL_OK)
      {
        Error_Handler();
      }
}

void ADC_Select_CH2(void){
      ADC_ChannelConfTypeDef sConfig = {0};
      sConfig.Channel = ADC_CHANNEL_2;
      sConfig.Rank = 1;
      sConfig.SamplingTime = ADC_SAMPLETIME_84CYCLES;
      if (HAL_ADC_ConfigChannel(&hadc1, &sConfig) != HAL_OK)
      {
        Error_Handler();
      }
}

void ADC_Select_CH3(void){
    ADC_ChannelConfTypeDef sConfig = {0};
      sConfig.Channel = ADC_CHANNEL_3;
      sConfig.Rank = 1;
      sConfig.SamplingTime = ADC_SAMPLETIME_112CYCLES;
      if (HAL_ADC_ConfigChannel(&hadc1, &sConfig) != HAL_OK)
      {
        Error_Handler();
      }
}

/* USER CODE END 0 */

/**
  * @brief  The application entry point.
  * @retval int
  */
int main(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */

  /* USER CODE END 1 */

  /* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/

  /* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
  HAL_Init();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN Init */

  /* USER CODE END Init */

  /* Configure the system clock */
  SystemClock_Config();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */

  /* USER CODE END SysInit */

  /* Initialize all configured peripherals */
  MX_GPIO_Init();
  MX_ADC1_Init();
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */

  uint16_t x =0;
  uint16_t y =0;
  uint16_t z =0;

   /* USER CODE END 2 */

  /* Infinite loop */
  /* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */

  while (1)
  {
      ADC_Select_CH1();
      HAL_ADC_Start(&hadc1);
      HAL_ADC_PollForConversion(&hadc1, 1000);
      ADC_VAL[0] = HAL_ADC_GetValue(&hadc1);
      HAL_ADC_Stop(&hadc1);

      ADC_Select_CH2();
      HAL_ADC_Start(&hadc1);
      HAL_ADC_PollForConversion(&hadc1, 1000);
      ADC_VAL[1] = HAL_ADC_GetValue(&hadc1);
      HAL_ADC_Stop(&hadc1);

      ADC_Select_CH3();
      HAL_ADC_Start(&hadc1);
      HAL_ADC_PollForConversion(&hadc1, 1000);
      ADC_VAL[2] = HAL_ADC_GetValue(&hadc1);
      HAL_ADC_Stop(&hadc1);

      x = ADC_VAL[0];
      y = ADC_VAL[1];
      z = ADC_VAL[2];

      int resolution = 4096;

      resistance1 =  10000*((x/(double)resolution)/(1-(x/(double)resolution)));
      resistance2 =  10000*((y/(double)resolution)/(1-(y/(double)resolution)));
      resistance3 =  10000*((z/(double)resolution)/(1-(z/(double)resolution)));

      Temp1 = 1/((1/298.15)+((double)1/3435)*log((double)resistance1/10000));
      Temp2 = 1/ ((1/298.15)+((double)1/3435)*log((double)resistance2/10000));
      Temp3 = 1/ ((1/298.15)+((double)1/3435)*log((double)resistance3/10000));

      Temp1 = Temp1 - 273.15;
      Temp2 = Temp2 - 273.15;
      Temp3 = Temp3 - 273.15;

      HAL_Delay(1000);
    /* USER CODE END WHILE */

    /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
  }
  /* USER CODE END 3 */
}

/**
  * @brief System Clock Configuration
  * @retval None
  */
void SystemClock_Config(void)
{
  RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct = {0};
  RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct = {0};

  /** Configure the main internal regulator output voltage
  */
  __HAL_RCC_PWR_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_PWR_VOLTAGESCALING_CONFIG(PWR_REGULATOR_VOLTAGE_SCALE1);
  /** Initializes the RCC Oscillators according to the specified parameters
  * in the RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure.
  */
  RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSE;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEState = RCC_HSE_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLSource = RCC_PLLSOURCE_HSE;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLM = 4;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLN = 180;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLP = RCC_PLLP_DIV2;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLQ = 2;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLR = 2;
  if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  /** Activate the Over-Drive mode
  */
  if (HAL_PWREx_EnableOverDrive() != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  /** Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB buses clocks
  */
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK
                              |RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV4;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB2CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV2;

  if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_5) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
}

/**
  * @brief ADC1 Initialization Function
  * @param None
  * @retval None
  */
static void MX_ADC1_Init(void)
{

  /* USER CODE BEGIN ADC1_Init 0 */

  /* USER CODE END ADC1_Init 0 */

  ADC_ChannelConfTypeDef sConfig = {0};

  /* USER CODE BEGIN ADC1_Init 1 */

  /* USER CODE END ADC1_Init 1 */
  /** Configure the global features of the ADC (Clock, Resolution, Data Alignment and number of conversion)
  */
  hadc1.Instance = ADC1;
  hadc1.Init.ClockPrescaler = ADC_CLOCK_SYNC_PCLK_DIV4;
  hadc1.Init.Resolution = ADC_RESOLUTION_12B;
  hadc1.Init.ScanConvMode = ENABLE;
  hadc1.Init.ContinuousConvMode = ENABLE;
  hadc1.Init.DiscontinuousConvMode = DISABLE;
  hadc1.Init.ExternalTrigConvEdge = ADC_EXTERNALTRIGCONVEDGE_NONE;
  hadc1.Init.ExternalTrigConv = ADC_SOFTWARE_START;
  hadc1.Init.DataAlign = ADC_DATAALIGN_RIGHT;
  hadc1.Init.NbrOfConversion = 1;
  hadc1.Init.DMAContinuousRequests = DISABLE;
  hadc1.Init.EOCSelection = ADC_EOC_SINGLE_CONV;
  if (HAL_ADC_Init(&hadc1) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  /* USER CODE BEGIN ADC1_Init 2 */

  /* USER CODE END ADC1_Init 2 */

}

/**
  * @brief GPIO Initialization Function
  * @param None
  * @retval None
  */
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void)
{
  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct = {0};

  /* GPIO Ports Clock Enable */
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOC_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOH_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOA_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOB_CLK_ENABLE();

  /*Configure GPIO pin Output Level */
  HAL_GPIO_WritePin(LD2_GPIO_Port, LD2_Pin, GPIO_PIN_RESET);

  /*Configure GPIO pin : B1_Pin */
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = B1_Pin;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_IT_FALLING;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
  HAL_GPIO_Init(B1_GPIO_Port, &GPIO_InitStruct);

  /*Configure GPIO pin : LD2_Pin */
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = LD2_Pin;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT_PP;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_LOW;
  HAL_GPIO_Init(LD2_GPIO_Port, &GPIO_InitStruct);

}

/* USER CODE BEGIN 4 */

/* USER CODE END 4 */

/**
  * @brief  This function is executed in case of error occurrence.
  * @retval None
  */
void Error_Handler(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN Error_Handler_Debug */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the HAL error return state */
  __disable_irq();
  while (1)
  {
  }
  /* USER CODE END Error_Handler_Debug */
}

#ifdef  USE_FULL_ASSERT
/**
  * @brief  Reports the name of the source file and the source line number
  *         where the assert_param error has occurred.
  * @param  file: pointer to the source file name
  * @param  line: assert_param error line source number
  * @retval None
  */
void assert_failed(uint8_t *file, uint32_t line)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 6 */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the file name and line number,
     ex: printf("Wrong parameters value: file %s on line %d\r\n", file, line) */
  /* USER CODE END 6 */
}
#endif /* USE_FULL_ASSERT */
故障原因与修复方案

代码存在三个核心问题，直接导致多通道读取失效：

  • ADC初始化参数配置矛盾
    ScanConvMode（扫描模式）和ContinuousConvMode（连续转换模式）均已开启，但NbrOfConversion（转换通道数）设置为1，ADC硬件会持续转换排名为1的通道，手动切换通道的配置不会生效。轮询单通道依次读取的场景下，直接将这两个模式改为DISABLE即可。

  • 通道切换逻辑存在缺陷
    STM32F4的ADC内置采样保持电容，切换通道后立刻启动转换，电容残留的上一通道电荷会直接导致采样值偏移。代码中CH1的采样时间仅设置为15个时钟周期，远小于NTC这类高阻信号源需要的采样时间，无法采集到正确值。

    • 所有通道的采样时间统一调整为至少ADC_SAMPLETIME_144CYCLES，给高阻信号源留足采样余量
    • 每次切换通道启动ADC后，丢弃第一次转换结果，读取第二次的有效值，或增加10us左右延时等待采样稳定
    • ADC初始化完成后先执行HAL_ADCEx_Calibration_Start(&hadc1)完成硬件校准，消除偏移误差

  • ADC引脚未配置为模拟模式
    MX_GPIO_Init函数中仅初始化了按键和LED引脚，PA1、PA2、PA3三个ADC输入引脚没有配置为GPIO_MODE_ANALOG模拟模式，默认浮空输入状态下输入阻抗不匹配，读值自然异常。在GPIO初始化中补充以下配置即可：

GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = GPIO_PIN_1|GPIO_PIN_2|GPIO_PIN_3;
GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_ANALOG;
GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStruct);

如果后续切换为DMA模式，直接将NbrOfConversion改为3，在初始化阶段将三个通道按Rank1/2/3顺序配置，开启DMA连续请求，不需要手动切换通道即可一次性读取3个通道的采样结果。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Ruffy

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最近更新时间：2026.09.01 05:01:02