Spring Boot本地H2内存数据库无法启动问题排查与解决

我有一个部署在Heroku平台的Spring Boot应用，生产环境使用Heroku托管的Postgres数据库。Heroku端已经配置好Config Vars，应用通过读取环境变量获取数据库连接参数，配置截图如下：

代码中自定义了ConnectionService类获取数据库连接，实现代码如下：

public static Connection getConnection() {
    try {
        final String dbUrl = System.getenv("SPRING_DATASOURCE_URL");
        final String dbUserName = System.getenv("SPRING_DATASOURCE_USERNAME");
        final String dbPassword = System.getenv("SPRING_DATASOURCE_PASSWORD");
        return DriverManager.getConnection(dbUrl,dbUserName,dbPassword);
    } catch(final SQLException e) {
        LoggerService.writeErrorMsg("There was an error with the connection : [errorMsg: \n" + e + " ]");
    }
    return null;
}

数据访问层通过DAO实现CRUD操作，示例代码如下：

public static AdminAccount getAdminAccountById(final int id) throws SQLException {
    final Connection connection = ConnectionService.getConnection();
    final String sql = "select * from admin_account where id = ?";
    final PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(sql);
    preparedStatement.setInt(1, id);
    final ResultSet resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();

    if (resultSet.next()) {
        final AdminAccount adminAccount = new AdminAccount();
        adminAccount.setId(resultSet.getInt("id"));
        adminAccount.setFacility(resultSet.getString("facility"));
        adminAccount.setFirstName(resultSet.getString("first_name"));
        adminAccount.setLastName(resultSet.getString("last_name"));
        adminAccount.setEmail(resultSet.getString("email"));
        connection.close();
        return adminAccount;
    } else {
        return null;
    }
}

上述配置在生产部署环境运行正常，但移除硬编码的数据库凭据后，本地环境无法正常连接数据库。按照开发最佳实践，本地开发/测试环境需要配置独立数据库，避免直接操作生产库，因此尝试配置H2内存数据库作为本地库，但始终无法正常启动，日志中没有H2启动相关记录。

pom.xml 配置 #

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.6.3</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- 从仓库查找父依赖 -->
    </parent>
    <groupId>...</groupId>
    <artifactId>...</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>rbooking</name>
    <description>...</description>
    <properties>
        <java.version>17</java.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
                <groupId>org.junit.vintage</groupId>
                <artifactId>junit-vintage-engine</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jdbc</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
            <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
            <version>42.3.6</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
            <artifactId>h2</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- 从Spring Boot 2.x默认的HikariCP切换回Tomcat JDBC，适配Heroku配置 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.tomcat</groupId>
            <artifactId>tomcat-jdbc</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-configuration-processor</artifactId>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.security</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-security-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <resources>
            <resource>
                <directory>src/main/resources</directory>
                <excludes>
                    <exclude>app/**</exclude>
                </excludes>
            </resource>
        </resources>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>com.heroku.sdk</groupId>
                <artifactId>heroku-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.0.8</version>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.1</version>
                <configuration>
                    <source>8</source>
                    <target>8</target>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

application.properties 配置 #

#端口配置
server.port = 8081

#日志配置
logging.file.name=src/main/resources/logs/application.log
logging.file.path=src/main/resources/logs
logging.level.root = INFO

#安全配置
security.basic.enable= false
security.ignored=/**

#数据库配置
spring.h2.console.enabled=true
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:h2:mem:testdb;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1
spring.datasource.driverClassName=org.h2.Driver
spring.datasource.username=sa
spring.datasource.password=
spring.jpa.database-platform=org.hibernate.dialect.H2Dialect
spring.jpa.generate-ddl=true
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=create
spring.jpa.show-sql=true
spring.jpa.defer-datasource-initialization=true
spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.implicit-strategy=org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.ImplicitNamingStrategyLegacyJpaImpl
spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.physical-strategy=org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl

#开发工具配置

访问localhost:8081/h2-console时出现连接错误，报错截图如下：

相同的H2配置在其他Spring Boot项目中可以正常运行，排查后确认是配置不生效导致的连接问题。

问题由H2依赖版本不兼容导致，Spring Boot 2.6.3默认管理的H2版本存在兼容性问题，手动指定H2 maven依赖版本为1.4.193即可修复，修复后的依赖配置如下：

<dependency>
    <groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
    <artifactId>h2</artifactId>
    <version>1.4.193</version>
</dependency>

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Ruthless