Testcontainers集成MSSQL测试时@Autowired注入Repository失败

使用Testcontainers基于MSSQL Server镜像开展Spring Data JPA集成测试时，注入Repository抛出如下错误：

lateinit property modelRepository has not been initialized

相同测试配置在PostgreSQL项目中可正常运行。

相关代码 #

测试类 #

package *.models.integration

import *.portadapter.repository.ModelRepository
import *.builders.ModelBuilder
import org.junit.ClassRule
import org.junit.Test
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.jdbc.AutoConfigureTestDatabase
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.DataJpaTest
import org.springframework.test.context.DynamicPropertyRegistry
import org.springframework.test.context.DynamicPropertySource
import org.testcontainers.containers.MSSQLServerContainer
import org.testcontainers.containers.startupcheck.MinimumDurationRunningStartupCheckStrategy
import org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.Testcontainers
import java.time.Duration
import java.util.function.Supplier

@DataJpaTest
@Testcontainers
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace = AutoConfigureTestDatabase.Replace.NONE)
class ModelRepositoryTest {

    @Autowired
    private lateinit var modelRepository: ModelRepository

    companion object {
        private val hibernateDriver: Supplier<Any> = Supplier { "org.hibernate.dialect.SQLServerDialect" }
        private val hibernateDll: Supplier<Any> = Supplier { "none" }

        @ClassRule
        @JvmField
        val mssqlserver: MSSQLServerContainer<*> = MSSQLServerContainer("mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest")
            .withStartupCheckStrategy(MinimumDurationRunningStartupCheckStrategy(Duration.ofSeconds(5)))
            .acceptLicense()

        @JvmStatic
        @DynamicPropertySource
        fun properties(registry: DynamicPropertyRegistry) {
            registry.add("spring.datasource.url", mssqlserver::getJdbcUrl)
            registry.add("spring.datasource.username", mssqlserver::getUsername)
            registry.add("spring.datasource.password", mssqlserver::getPassword)
            registry.add("spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.dialect", hibernateDriver)
            registry.add("spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto", hibernateDll)

            mssqlserver.acceptLicense().start()
        }
    }

    @Test
    fun `it should save a model`() {
        val model = ModelBuilder().createModel().get()
        modelRepository.save(model)

        val modelFound = modelRepository.findByCode(model.code)

        assertEquals(model.code, modelFound.get().code)
    }
}

Repository类 #

package *.portadapter.repository

import *.model.domain.Model
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository
import java.util.*

interface ModelRepository: JpaRepository<Model, String> {
    fun findByCode(code: String): Optional<Model>
}

一共三个核心问题：

• 包扫描路径不匹配：@DataJpaTest默认仅扫描测试类所在包及其子包下的Spring Data Repository、实体类。当前测试类在*.models.integration包，而ModelRepository在*.portadapter.repository包，不在默认扫描范围内，Spring上下文未生成Repository对应的Bean，是注入失败的直接原因。PostgreSQL场景可正常运行，大概率是对应项目中测试类与Repository包路径符合默认扫描规则，或手动配置过扫描路径。
• JUnit版本注解混用：代码中同时混用JUnit4和JUnit5（Jupiter）的注解：@ClassRule、org.junit.Test属于JUnit4组件，@Testcontainers、@DynamicPropertySource属于JUnit5组件。混用会导致容器生命周期管理、属性注入逻辑异常，引发上下文启动不稳定。
• 冗余配置错误：@DynamicPropertySource标注的方法中手动调用mssqlserver.acceptLicense().start()属于重复逻辑，Testcontainers会自动管理容器生命周期，手动启动可能引发端口冲突、重复启动等问题；另外spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto设为none会导致测试时不会自动创建表结构，后续执行数据库操作会报表不存在错误。

按以下步骤调整代码即可：

1. 配置@DataJpaTest的扫描路径，确保Spring能找到Repository和实体类，替换类上的@DataJpaTest注解为：

   @DataJpaTest(basePackages = ["*.portadapter.repository"])
   @EntityScan(basePackages = ["*.model.domain"])
   

   注意将包路径替换为项目实际的Repository、实体类根包路径。
2. 统一使用JUnit5注解，移除JUnit4相关配置：
   • 删除import org.junit.Test，替换为import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
   • 删除容器字段上的@ClassRule、@JvmField注解，替换为Testcontainers for JUnit5的@Container注解
3. 移除冗余配置，修正Hibernate DDL配置：
   • 删除properties方法中mssqlserver.acceptLicense().start()这行冗余调用
   • 将spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto配置改为create-drop，测试时自动建表、测试结束自动删表，不残留测试数据

修复后完整测试类参考 #

package *.models.integration

import *.portadapter.repository.ModelRepository
import *.builders.ModelBuilder
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.domain.EntityScan
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.jdbc.AutoConfigureTestDatabase
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.DataJpaTest
import org.springframework.test.context.DynamicPropertyRegistry
import org.springframework.test.context.DynamicPropertySource
import org.testcontainers.containers.MSSQLServerContainer
import org.testcontainers.containers.startupcheck.MinimumDurationRunningStartupCheckStrategy
import org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.Container
import org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.Testcontainers
import java.time.Duration

@DataJpaTest(basePackages = ["*.portadapter.repository"])
@EntityScan(basePackages = ["*.model.domain"])
@Testcontainers
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace = AutoConfigureTestDatabase.Replace.NONE)
class ModelRepositoryTest {

    @Autowired
    private lateinit var modelRepository: ModelRepository

    companion object {
        @Container
        @JvmField
        val mssqlserver: MSSQLServerContainer<*> = MSSQLServerContainer("mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest")
            .withStartupCheckStrategy(MinimumDurationRunningStartupCheckStrategy(Duration.ofSeconds(5)))
            .acceptLicense()

        @JvmStatic
        @DynamicPropertySource
        fun properties(registry: DynamicPropertyRegistry) {
            registry.add("spring.datasource.url", mssqlserver::getJdbcUrl)
            registry.add("spring.datasource.username", mssqlserver::getUsername)
            registry.add("spring.datasource.password", mssqlserver::getPassword)
            registry.add("spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.dialect") { "org.hibernate.dialect.SQLServerDialect" }
            registry.add("spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto") { "create-drop" }
        }
    }

    @Test
    fun `it should save a model`() {
        val model = ModelBuilder().createModel().get()
        modelRepository.save(model)

        val modelFound = modelRepository.findByCode(model.code)

        assertEquals(model.code, modelFound.get().code)
    }
}

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Carlos Eduardo Ilgenfritz