Ubuntu20.04编译的Cython包无法在Debian9安装：平台不兼容求解

在Ubuntu 20.04系统上编译了一个Cython化的Python包，使用Python 3.7.1、Cython 0.29.30，生成的包名为bbbox-2.0.6-cp37-cp37m-manylinux_2_31_x86_64.whl。该包可在其他Ubuntu 20.04服务器正常安装，但在Debian GNU/Linux 9 (stretch)系统上安装时，出现以下错误：

using pip 22.2 from /venvs/dztradeio_pre/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip (python 3.7)
Non-user install because user site-packages disabled
Created temporary directory: /tmp/pip-ephem-wheel-cache-tu_4hz24
Created temporary directory: /tmp/pip-build-tracker-q85jg79w
Initialized build tracking at /tmp/pip-build-tracker-q85jg79w
Created build tracker: /tmp/pip-build-tracker-q85jg79w
Entered build tracker: /tmp/pip-build-tracker-q85jg79w
Created temporary directory: /tmp/pip-install-7_4efkhe
ERROR:bbbox-2.0.6-cp37-cp37m-manylinux_2_31_x86_64.whl is not a supported wheel on this platform.
Exception information:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/venvs/dztradeio_pre/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/base_command.py", line 167, in exc_logging_wrapper
    status = run_func(*args)
  File "/venvs/dztradeio_pre/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/req_command.py", line 247, in wrapper
    return func(self, options, args)
  File "/venvs/dztradeio_pre/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/install.py", line 370, in run
    reqs, check_supported_wheels=not options.target_dir
  File "/venvs/dztradeio_pre/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/resolver.py", line 73, in resolve
    collected = self.factory.collect_root_requirements(root_reqs)
  File "/venvs/dztradeio_pre/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/factory.py", line 493, in collect_root_requirements
    requested_extras=(),
  File "/venvs/dztradeio_pre/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/factory.py", line 452, in _make_requirement_from_install_req
    self._fail_if_link_is_unsupported_wheel(ireq.link)
  File "/venvs/dztradeio_pre/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/factory.py", line 138, in _fail_if_link_is_unsupported_wheel
    raise UnsupportedWheel(msg)
pip._internal.exceptions.UnsupportedWheel:bbbox-2.0.6-cp37-cp37m-manylinux_2_31_x86_64.whl is not a supported wheel on this platform.
Remote version of pip: 22.2
Local version of pip:  22.2
Was pip installed by pip? True
Removed build tracker: '/tmp/pip-build-tracker-q85jg79w'

原因分析 #

manylinux_2_31对应的是GLIBC 2.31版本，而Debian 9 (stretch)默认使用GLIBC 2.24，版本低于wheel要求的最低依赖，因此pip判定该wheel与当前平台不兼容。

具体解决办法 #

1. 降级pip并强制安装（临时应急方案） #

pip 20.3及以后版本对manylinux标准的检查更严格，降级到旧版pip可绕过部分检查，再强制安装：

pip install pip==20.2.4
pip install bbox-2.0.6-cp37-cp37m-manylinux_2_31_x86_64.whl --force-reinstall --no-deps

注意：此方法可能引发运行时GLIBC版本不兼容报错（如version GLIBC_2.31 not found），若出现该情况需换用其他方案。

2. 在Debian 9环境重新编译包（推荐稳定方案） #

直接在目标系统Debian 9上编译Cython包，生成适配GLIBC 2.24的wheel：

• 在Debian 9上安装Python 3.7.1、Cython 0.29.30及编译依赖（如build-essential）
• 进入包源码目录，执行编译命令：

python setup.py bdist_wheel

生成的wheel会自动适配当前系统的GLIBC版本，可正常安装运行。

3. 用manylinux_2_17标准重新编译（跨版本兼容方案） #

若需生成兼容Debian 9及更高版本的wheel，可指定manylinux_2_17标准（对应GLIBC 2.17，Debian 9满足要求）：

• 先编译出不带manylinux标签的linux_x86_64 wheel，再用auditwheel工具处理：

pip install auditwheel
auditwheel repair bbox-2.0.6-cp37-cp37m-linux_x86_64.whl --plat manylinux_2_17_x86_64

也可直接在setup.py中配置编译时使用manylinux_2_17标准。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Wei Qiu