使用Packer创建Linux镜像失败：无产物且脚本非零退出码报错

问题场景 #

在Windows PowerShell中使用Packer 1.8.3（windows_amd64）执行以下packer.json文件创建Azure Linux镜像，相关资源可正常创建和删除，但最终未生成目标镜像，报错如下：

Some builds didn't complete successfully and had errors:
--> azure-arm: Script exited with non-zero exit status: 1. Allowed exit codes are: [0]
==> Builds finished but no artifacts were created.

使用的packer.json内容：

{
    "builders": [{
        "type": "azure-arm",
        
        "client_id": "fb61f35d-99c5-43f8-9444-f4a3b96fd1f0",
        "client_secret": "DV-8Q~CJCeAfsc.WBm5eJ5ItVdcqnUebd3zhJb-o",
        "tenant_id": "67b304ff-0032-477b-b33f-c7a9de6ab0a5",
        "subscription_id": "315c9c99-62bc-42ff-bd23-d85a808a5609",
        
    "managed_image_name": "MyUbuntuImage",
    "managed_image_resource_group_name": "newgroup",
    
    "os_type": "Linux",
    "image_publisher": "Canonical",
    "image_offer": "UbuntuServer",
    "image_sku": "16.04-LTS",
    
    "location": "eastus",
    "vm_size": "standard_B1ms"
}],
"provisioners":[{
    "execute_command": "chmod +x {{ .path }}; {{ .Vars }} sudo -E sh '{{ .path }}'",
    "inline": [
    "apt-get update",
    "apt-get install nginx -y",
    "apt-get install stress -y",
    "systemct1 enable nginx",
    "/usr/sbin/waagent -force -deprovision+user && export HISTSIZE=0 && sync"
    ],
    "inline_shebang": "/bin/sh -x",
    "type": "shell"
    }]
}

解决步骤 #

1. 修正拼写错误
   查看provisioners的inline命令，发现systemct1 enable nginx存在拼写错误，正确的命令应为systemctl enable nginx。这个错误会直接导致脚本执行失败，返回非0退出码，中断Packer的构建流程。

2. 启用详细日志排查剩余问题
   若修正拼写后仍有问题，执行Packer时添加-debug参数，这样在脚本出错时会保持VM不销毁，你可以登录到VM中查看具体的命令执行日志，定位其他可能的错误：

   packer build -debug your-packer-file.json
   

   或者使用-on-error=ask参数，让Packer在出错时询问是否保留VM：

   packer build -on-error=ask your-packer-file.json
   

3. 验证waagent命令兼容性
   Ubuntu 16.04的waagent版本支持-deprovision+user参数，但可以在脚本开头添加set -e确保脚本在出错时立即终止，方便定位问题。另外，执行完waagent命令后，Packer会自动处理VM的关机和镜像创建，无需额外操作。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者sruthi K