Monterey系统下semacode-ruby19 gem安装失败的解决与替代方案咨询

在Mac OS X 10.13.6系统上用Ruby 3.1.0、Rails 7.0.3创建的Rails应用，通过Bundler 2.3.3可正常打包所有依赖gem。迁移至Mac OS X 12.3（Monterey）系统并使用相同版本Bundler时，出现以下错误：

An error occurred while installing semacode-ruby19 (0.7.4), and Bundler cannot continue.

注释该gem后可完成安装，但应用功能不完整，例如需注释test/test_helper.rb中Barby::DataMatrix.new(...)相关测试代码。

该gem已长期未更新，但仍需实现Ruby的DataMatrix编码功能，目前有哪些可行方案？另外不确定问题根源是OS X还是Homebrew，不知该向何处反馈，求建议。

更新
按建议手动安装gem仍失败，执行命令：

gem install semacode -v 0.7.4 -- --with-cflags="-Wno-error=implicit-function-declaration"

得到错误输出：

Fetching semacode-0.7.4.gem
Building native extensions with: '--with-cflags=-Wno-error=implicit-function-declaration'
This could take a while...
ERROR:  Error installing semacode:
    ERROR: Failed to build gem native extension.

    current directory: /Users/deploy/.rbenv/versions/3.1.0/lib/ruby/gems/3.1.0/gems/semacode-0.7.4/ext
/Users/deploy/.rbenv/versions/3.1.0/bin/ruby -I /Users/deploy/.rbenv/versions/3.1.0/lib/ruby/3.1.0 -r ./siteconf20220830-40292-dndt8s.rb extconf.rb --with-cflags\=-Wno-error\=implicit-function-declaration
creating Makefile

current directory: /Users/deploy/.rbenv/versions/3.1.0/lib/ruby/gems/3.1.0/gems/semacode-0.7.4/ext
make DESTDIR\= clean

current directory: /Users/deploy/.rbenv/versions/3.1.0/lib/ruby/gems/3.1.0/gems/semacode-0.7.4/ext
make DESTDIR\=
compiling iec16022ecc200.c
iec16022ecc200.c:284:80: warning: data argument not used by format string [-Wformat-extra-args]
                     rb_raise(rb_eArgError,  \"cannot encode character in X12\", c);
                                             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  ^
iec16022ecc200.c:299:80: warning: data argument not used by format string [-Wformat-extra-args]
                     rb_raise(rb_eArgError,  \"cannot encode character in X12\", c);
                                             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  ^
iec16022ecc200.c:323:89: warning: data argument not used by format string [-Wformat-extra-args]
                           rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,  \"this should not be happening!\", c);
                                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  ^
iec16022ecc200.c:498:9: warning: incompatible pointer to integer conversion initializing 'VALUE' (aka 'unsigned long') with an expression of type 'void *' [-Wint-conversion]
  VALUE rb_str = NULL;
        ^        ~~~~
iec16022ecc200.c:908:12: warning: assigning to 'unsigned char *' from 'char *' converts between pointers to integer types where one is of the unique plain 'char' type and the other is not [-Wpointer-sign]
      grid = ALLOC_N(char, W * H);
           ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5 warnings generated.
compiling reedsol.c
compiling semacode.c
semacode.c:61:3: warning: implicit declaration of function 'iec16022init' is invalid in C99 [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
  iec16022init(&semacode->width, &semacode->height, message);
  ^
semacode.c:96:28: warning: 'bzero' call operates on objects of type 'semacode_t' (aka 'struct semacode_t') while the size is based on a different type 'semacode_t *' (aka 'struct semacode_t *') [-Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess]
    bzero(semacode, sizeof(semacode));
          ~~~~~~~~         ^~~~~~~~
semacode.c:96:28: note: did you mean to dereference the argument to 'sizeof' (and multiply it by the number of elements)?
    bzero(semacode, sizeof(semacode));
                           ^~~~~~~~
semacode.c:129:27: error: no member named 'len' in 'struct RString'
  encode_string(semacode, StringValueLen(message), StringValuePtr(message));
                          ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
./semacode.h:26:56: note: expanded from macro 'StringValueLen'
#define StringValueLen(s) RSTRING(RB_STRING_VALUE(s))->len
                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  ^
semacode.c:239:20: warning: equality comparison result unused [-Wunused-comparison]
    semacode->data == NULL;
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~
semacode.c:239:20: note: use '=' to turn this equality comparison into an assignment
    semacode->data == NULL;
                   ^~
                   =
semacode.c:243:44: error: no member named 'len' in 'struct RString'
  DATA_PTR(self) = encode_string(semacode, StringValueLen(message), StringValuePtr(message));
                                           ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
./semacode.h:26:56: note: expanded from macro 'StringValueLen'
#define StringValueLen(s) RSTRING(RB_STRING_VALUE(s))->len
                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  ^
3 warnings and 2 errors generated.
make: *** [semacode.o] Error 1

make failed, exit code 2

Gem files will remain installed in /Users/deploy/.rbenv/versions/3.1.0/lib/ruby/gems/3.1.0/gems/semacode-0.7.4 for inspection.
Results logged to /Users/deploy/.rbenv/versions/3.1.0/lib/ruby/gems/3.1.0/extensions/arm64-darwin-21/3.1.0/semacode-0.7.4/gem_make.out

方案一：替换为维护活跃的DataMatrix编码gem #

放弃semacode-ruby19，改用以下维护状态良好的gem：

• barby：代码中已用到Barby::DataMatrix，可单独使用barby的DataMatrix功能，无需依赖semacode，其维护状态远优于semacode，且兼容当前Ruby和OS版本。
• data_matrix：专门的DataMatrix编码gem，可直接替代semacode的功能。

方案二：修复semacode的本地扩展代码 #

从错误日志看，核心问题是Ruby 3.x的C API变化，struct RString不再直接暴露len成员，需用RSTRING_LEN()宏替代。具体修改步骤：

1. 下载semacode-0.7.4源码并解压到本地。
2. 修改ext/semacode.h中的StringValueLen宏：

   #define StringValueLen(s) RSTRING_LEN(RB_STRING_VALUE(s))
   

3. 修复其他问题：比如semacode.c中bzero调用错误，需改为sizeof(*semacode)；补充iec16022init的函数原型声明。
4. 本地编译安装修改后的gem：执行gem build semacode.gemspec生成gem包，再用gem install semacode-0.7.4.gem安装。
5. 在Gemfile中指定本地gem路径，或上传到私有gem源供项目使用。

方案三：用Docker容器运行应用 #

若不想修改代码或gem，可构建基于旧版Mac OS或Linux的Docker容器，在容器内运行应用，避开Monterey系统的编译兼容性问题。

• 问题根源：从错误日志判断，是semacode的C扩展代码不兼容Ruby 3.x的API和Monterey的Clang编译器，与Homebrew关系不大，核心是gem本身过时。
• 反馈渠道：
  • 若想反馈gem兼容性问题，可在semacode的代码仓库提交issue，但因gem长期未更新，大概率不会得到响应。
  • 若怀疑是OS X系统问题，可在Apple开发者论坛提问，但更可能是gem适配问题而非系统问题。
  • 也可在Ruby社区发帖求助，分享编译错误信息，寻求其他开发者的修复经验。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Jerome