VDS上Spring Boot+Testcontainers反复创建数据库容器无法连接

问题概述 #

测试时使用Testcontainers启动应用和数据库实例，本地Mac、Windows及Ubuntu电脑上均正常运行，但在VDS（虚拟专用服务器）上执行gradlew test clean命令时，Spring无法连接到启动的MySQL容器，重复创建多个容器后仍失败，最终测试全部报错。

预期行为 #

• 执行gradlew test clean
• Spring启动应用容器和数据库容器

实际在VDS上的行为 #

• 执行gradlew test clean
• Spring启动应用容器和数据库容器
• Spring无法连接数据库容器，超时2分钟后启动新的数据库容器
• 测试过程中Spring创建4-5个数据库容器，均无法连接，最终所有测试失败

测试文件的数据库配置 #

@SpringBootTest
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
@Testcontainers
@ContextConfiguration(initializers = {UserDataControllerTest.Initializer.class})
@TestMethodOrder(MethodOrderer.OrderAnnotation.class)
class UserDataControllerTest {

    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @Autowired
    private ObjectMapper objectMapper;

    @ClassRule
    @Container
    public final static MySQLContainer mysqlContainer = new MySQLContainer("mysql:8.0");

// ... some tests

    static class Initializer
            implements ApplicationContextInitializer<ConfigurableApplicationContext> {
        public void initialize(ConfigurableApplicationContext configurableApplicationContext) {
            TestPropertyValues.of(
                    "spring.datasource.url=" + mysqlContainer.getJdbcUrl(),
                    "spring.datasource.username=" + mysqlContainer.getUsername(),
                    "spring.datasource.password=" + mysqlContainer.getPassword(),
                    "spring.jpa.generate-ddl=true",
                    "spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=create-drop"
            ).applyTo(configurableApplicationContext.getEnvironment());
        }
    }
}

堆栈报错信息 #

org.testcontainers.containers.ContainerLaunchException: Container startup failed
    at app//org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer.doStart(GenericContainer.java:336)
    at app//org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer.start(GenericContainer.java:317)
    at app//org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.TestcontainersExtension$StoreAdapter.start(TestcontainersExtension.java:242)
    at app//org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.TestcontainersExtension$StoreAdapter.access$200(TestcontainersExtension.java:229)
    at app//org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.TestcontainersExtension.lambda$null$1(TestcontainersExtension.java:59)
    at app//org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExtensionValuesStore.lambda$getOrComputeIfAbsent$4(ExtensionValuesStore.java:86)
    at app//org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExtensionValuesStore$MemoizingSupplier.computeValue(ExtensionValuesStore.java:223)
    at app//org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExtensionValuesStore$MemoizingSupplier.get(ExtensionValuesStore.java:211)
    at app//org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExtensionValuesStore$StoredValue.evaluate(ExtensionValuesStore.java:191)
    at app//org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExtensionValuesStore$StoredValue.access$100(ExtensionValuesStore.java:171)
    at app//org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExtensionValuesStore.getOrComputeIfAbsent(ExtensionValuesStore.java:89)
    at app//org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.NamespaceAwareStore.getOrComputeIfAbsent(NamespaceAwareStore.java:53)
    at app//org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.TestcontainersExtension.lambda$beforeAll$2(TestcontainersExtension.java:59)
    at java.base@17.0.4/java.util.ArrayList.forEach(ArrayList.java:1511)
    at app//org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.TestcontainersExtension.beforeAll(TestcontainersExtension.java:59)
    at app//org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.lambda$invokeBeforeAllCallbacks$10(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:381)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at app//org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.invokeBeforeAllCallbacks(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:381)
    at app//org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.before(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:205)
    at app//org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.before(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:80)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$6(NodeTestTask.java:148)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$8(NodeTestTask.java:141)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.Node.around(Node.java:137)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$9(NodeTestTask.java:139)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:138)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:95)
    at java.base@17.0.4/java.util.ArrayList.forEach(ArrayList.java:1511)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.invokeAll(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:41)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$6(NodeTestTask.java:155)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$8(NodeTestTask.java:141)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.Node.around(Node.java:137)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$9(NodeTestTask.java:139)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:138)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:95)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.submit(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:35)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.HierarchicalTestExecutor.execute(HierarchicalTestExecutor.java:57)
    at app//org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.HierarchicalTestEngine.execute(HierarchicalTestEngine.java:54)
    at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.execute(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:108)
    at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.execute(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:88)
    at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.lambda$execute$0(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:54)
    at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.withInterceptedStreams(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:67)
    at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.execute(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:52)
    at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncher.java:96)
    at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncher.java:75)
    at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.testing.junitplatform.JUnitPlatformTestClassProcessor$CollectAllTestClassesExecutor.processAllTestClasses(JUnitPlatformTestClassProcessor.java:99)
    at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.testing.junitplatform.JUnitPlatformTestClassProcessor$CollectAllTestClassesExecutor.access$000(JUnitPlatformTestClassProcessor.java:79)
    at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.testing.junitplatform.JUnitPlatformTestClassProcessor.stop(JUnitPlatformTestClassProcessor.java:75)
    at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.testing.SuiteTestClassProcessor.stop(SuiteTestClassProcessor.java:61)
    at java.base@17.0.4/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at java.base@17.0.4/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:77)
    at java.base@17.0.4/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
    at java.base@17.0.4/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:568)
    at org.gradle.internal.dispatch.ReflectionDispatch.dispatch(ReflectionDispatch.java:36)
    at org.gradle.internal.dispatch.ReflectionDispatch.dispatch(ReflectionDispatch.java:24)
    at org.gradle.internal.dispatch.ContextClassLoaderDispatch.dispatch(ContextClassLoaderDispatch.java:33)
    at org.gradle.internal.dispatch.ProxyDispatchAdapter$DispatchingInvocationHandler.invoke(ProxyDispatchAdapter.java:94)
    at jdk.proxy1/jdk.proxy1.$Proxy2.stop(Unknown Source)
    at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.testing.worker.TestWorker$3.run(TestWorker.java:193)
    at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.testing.worker.TestWorker.executeAndMaintainThreadName(TestWorker.java:129)
    at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.testing.worker.TestWorker.execute(TestWorker.java:100)
    at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.testing.worker.TestWorker.execute(TestWorker.java:60)
    at org.gradle.process.internal.worker.child.ActionExecutionWorker.execute(ActionExecutionWorker.java:56)
    at org.gradle.process.internal.worker.child.SystemApplicationClassLoaderWorker.call(SystemApplicationClassLoaderWorker.java:133)
    at org.gradle.process.internal.worker.child.SystemApplicationClassLoaderWorker.call(SystemApplicationClassLoaderWorker.java:71)
    at app//worker.org.gradle.process.internal.worker.GradleWorkerMain.run(GradleWorkerMain.java:69)
    at app//worker.org.gradle.process.internal.worker.GradleWorkerMain.main(GradleWorkerMain.java:74)
Caused by: org.rnorth.ducttape.RetryCountExceededException: Retry limit hit with exception
    at app//org.rnorth.ducttape.unreliables.Unreliables.retryUntilSuccess(Unreliables.java:88)
    at app//org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer.doStart(GenericContainer.java:329)
    ... 69 more
Caused by: org.testcontainers.containers.ContainerLaunchException: Could not create/start container
    at app//org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer.tryStart(GenericContainer.java:525)
    at app//org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer.lambda$doStart$0(GenericContainer.java:331)
    at app//org.rnorth.ducttape.unreliables.Unreliables.retryUntilSuccess(Unreliables.java:81)
    ... 70 more
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Container is started, but cannot be accessed by (JDBC URL: jdbc:mysql://localhost:49156/test), please check container logs
    at org.testcontainers.containers.JdbcDatabaseContainer.waitUntilContainerStarted(JdbcDatabaseContainer.java:165)
    at org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer.tryStart(GenericContainer.java:468)
    ... 72 more

补充说明 #

已多次重装VDS系统（从Debian换成Ubuntu），Docker按官方文档安装，执行测试的用户已加入docker组，即使以root用户执行也无法解决问题。

解决方法 #

1. 排查MySQL容器日志 #

执行命令查看容器启动日志，确认具体报错：

docker logs <container-id>

常见问题包括：初始化超时、权限不足、存储卷挂载失败等。

2. 调整Testcontainers等待超时时间 #

MySQL在资源有限的VDS上启动较慢，增加超时时间：

public final static MySQLContainer mysqlContainer = new MySQLContainer("mysql:8.0")
    .withStartupTimeout(Duration.ofMinutes(5));

3. 修改MySQL认证插件 #

MySQL 8.0默认的caching_sha2_password可能导致JDBC连接失败，切换为兼容的mysql_native_password：

public final static MySQLContainer mysqlContainer = new MySQLContainer("mysql:8.0")
    .withCommand("--default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password");

4. 检查VDS网络与防火墙 #

• 确保VDS防火墙允许本地回环（localhost/127.0.0.1）的端口访问，或者对外开放Testcontainers映射的随机端口。
• 尝试使用host网络模式启动容器，避免端口映射问题：

public final static MySQLContainer mysqlContainer = new MySQLContainer("mysql:8.0")
    .withNetworkMode("host");

此时JDBC URL需要调整为VDS的内网IP或0.0.0.0，例如：jdbc:mysql://0.0.0.0:3306/test

5. 配置Testcontainers Docker环境 #

在src/test/resources/testcontainers.properties中添加Docker主机配置，确保Testcontainers能正确识别Docker环境：

testcontainers.docker.host=unix:///var/run/docker.sock

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Aleksei .C