Ubuntu18.04+Python3.6安装trm.pgplot时wheel构建失败求助

在Ubuntu 18.04系统、Python 3.6环境下，执行以下命令安装trm.pgplot包时：

pip3 install . --user

遇到链接错误，关键报错内容如下：

/usr/bin/ld: /usr/local/pgplot//libpgplot.a(xwdriv.o): 针对符号`stderr@@GLIBC_2.2.5'的重定位R_X86_64_PC32无法用于创建共享对象；请使用-fPIC重新编译
/usr/bin/ld: 最终链接失败：无效值
collect2: error: ld返回状态1
error: 命令'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc'执行失败，退出状态为1

完整错误输出：

Processing /home/chinmay/trm-pgplot
Building wheels for collected packages: trm.pgplot
Running setup.py bdist_wheel for trm.pgplot ... error
Complete output from command /usr/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;file='/tmp/pip-b_8sag87-build/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(file);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, file, 'exec'))" bdist_wheel -d /tmp/tmp6x5jsk6hpip-wheel- --python-tag cp36:
running bdist_wheel
running build
running build_py
package init file 'trm/init.py' not found (or not a regular file)
creating build
creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/trm
creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/trm/pgplot
copying trm/pgplot/init.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/trm/pgplot
running build_ext
building 'trm.pgplot._pgplot' extension
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/trm
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/trm/pgplot
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -DMAJOR_VERSION=0 -DMINOR_VERSION=1 -I/home/chinmay/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/pgplot/ -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c trm/pgplot/_pgplot.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/trm/pgplot/_pgplot.o
In file included from /home/chinmay/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1822:0,
from /home/chinmay/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:12,
from /home/chinmay/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4,
from trm/pgplot/_pgplot.c:791:
/home/chinmay/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:17:2:
warning: #warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with "
"#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-Wcpp]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with "

^~~~~~~
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -shared -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-z,relro -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/trm/pgplot/_pgplot.o -L/usr/X11R6/lib
-L/opt/local/lib -L/usr/local/pgplot/ -lcpgplot -lpgplot -lX11 -lm -lgfortran -lpng -lz -o build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/trm/pgplot/_pgplot.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so
/usr/bin/ld: /usr/local/pgplot//libpgplot.a(xwdriv.o): 针对符号`stderr@@GLIBC_2.2.5'的重定位R_X86_64_PC32无法用于创建共享对象；请使用-fPIC重新编译
/usr/bin/ld: 最终链接失败：无效值
collect2: error: ld返回状态1
error: 命令'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc'执行失败，退出状态为1

问题根源是系统中安装的libpgplot.a静态库未使用-fPIC参数编译，导致无法链接生成Python共享扩展模块。按以下步骤解决：

• 卸载现有pgplot
  如果之前是通过预编译包或包管理器安装的pgplot，先移除：

sudo rm -rf /usr/local/pgplot/

• 从源码编译带-fPIC的pgplot

1. 下载源码并解压：

wget http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~tjp/pgplot/pgplot5.2.tar.gz
tar xzf pgplot5.2.tar.gz
cd pgplot

2. 修改编译配置，添加-fPIC参数：

cp sys_linux.dat sys_linux_pic.dat
sed -i 's/FFLAGS = -O/FFLAGS = -O -fPIC/' sys_linux_pic.dat
sed -i 's/CFLAGS = -O/CFLAGS = -O -fPIC/' sys_linux_pic.dat

3. 编译并安装：

mkdir /usr/local/pgplot
./makemake linux gfortran
make all
make install

• 重新安装trm.pgplot
  回到trm-pgplot源码目录，重新执行安装命令：

pip3 install . --user

• 编译pgplot前确保安装依赖：sudo apt install gfortran libx11-dev libpng-dev
• NumPy的deprecated API警告不影响安装成功，若要消除可修改trm.pgplot的setup.py，在引入numpy前添加#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Keith Bridges