Ubuntu环境下Curl发送JSON至API遇格式错误问题求助

问题场景 #

在Windows环境中使用Invoke-WebRequest可以正常向机器库存API发送JSON更新请求，但在Ubuntu中执行curl命令时，频繁出现curl(3)（URL格式非法）和curl(6)（无法解析主机）错误，即使给JSON添加引号仍无法解决。

Windows正常执行的命令示例 #

$postHash =  ConvertTo-Json(@{
                    "hostName" = $computerName;
                    "macAddress" = $macAddress;
                    "ipAddress" = $ipAddress;
                    "pcModel" = $model;
                    "diskType" = $diskType;
                    "graphicsType" = $graphicsType;
                    "serviceTag" = $serviceTag; 
                    "diskMode" = $diskMode;
                    "wolMode" = $wolMode;
                    "displayType" = $displayType;
                    "displayServiceTag" = $displayServiceTag;
                    "recDate" = $recDate;
                    "sleepState" = $sleepState;
})
Invoke-WebRequest -Method PUT -Body $postHash https://our_api.org/api/inventory/$macAddress/ -ContentType "application/json" -Headers @{"Authorization" = "Token 62d85f430210cd1a827bfdc34cd6c1fb1a64d1"} | Out-Null

Ubuntu下的错误命令及报错 #

user@ubuntu:~$ echo $json
{ "pcModel": "KAT12", "displayType": "DELL U2311H", "graphicsType": "Microsoft Remote Display Adapter", "displayServiceTag": "HV8XP08Q079L", "ipAddress": "172.16.4.194", "recDate": "2022-10-06 16:57:55", "serviceTag": "18LQ9X1;Diskwear:(4.91TBW ; 15393 Hours)", "wolMode": "lanwithpxeboot;CC:101010-0118ZH;os:Ubuntu", "sleepState": "disable", "macAddress": "90:B1:1C:8E:D5:11", "hostName": "CI-KR95-05", "diskMode": "raid", "diskType": "Samsung SSD 850 PRO 512GB;TBW+Hrs:(4.91TB;15393 HrH) ;Clock:3.4GHz;Max Clock:3.67GHz(108%);RAM:32GB" }

user@ubuntu:~$ curl -k -L -X "PUT" -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Authorization: Token 62d85df90210cd1a827bc1518c4cd6c1fb1a64d1" "https://our_api.org/api/inventory/$macAddress/" -d $json
{"hostName":["This field is required."],"pcModel":["This field is required."],"diskType":["This field is required."],"macAddress":["This field is required."],"serviceTag":["This field is required."],"diskMode":["This field is required."],"wolMode":["This field is required."],"sleepState":["This field is required."],"displayType":["This field is required."],"displayServiceTag":["This field is required."],"recDate":["This field is required."],"ipAddress":["This field is required."]}curl: (3) URL using bad/illegal format or missing URL
curl: (6) Could not resolve host: "pcModel"
...（后续大量无法解析主机的报错）

添加引号后的尝试仍报错：

user@ubuntu:~$ curl --request PUT --header "Accept: application/json" --header "Authorization: Token 62d85df90210cd1a827bc1518c4cd6c1fb1a64d1" "https://our_api.org/api/inventory/$macAddress" -d "$value"
curl: (3) URL using bad/illegal format or missing URL

错误原因分析 #

1. 缺少Content-Type头：Windows命令中明确指定了ContentType "application/json"，但curl命令中遗漏了该头，导致API无法识别请求体为JSON格式，返回字段必填错误。
2. Shell解析特殊字符：JSON中包含空格、分号等特殊字符，直接传递$json时，Shell会将这些字符作为参数分隔符，把JSON拆分成多个独立参数，curl误将这些参数当作URL处理，引发无法解析主机的错误。即使使用双引号包裹，Shell仍会解析JSON内部的特殊字符（如分号、空格），导致格式混乱。

解决方法 #

方法1：指定Content-Type并使用单引号包裹JSON变量（适合无单引号的JSON） #

如果JSON内容中不包含单引号，可以用单引号包裹变量，避免Shell解析内部特殊字符，同时添加Content-Type头：

curl -k -L -X PUT \
  -H "Accept: application/json" \
  -H "Authorization: Token 62d85df90210cd1a827bc1518c4cd6c1fb1a64d1" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  "https://our_api.org/api/inventory/$macAddress/" \
  -d '$json'

方法2：将JSON写入文件传递（最可靠，适合大JSON或含特殊字符的情况） #

对于较大的JSON或包含复杂特殊字符的内容，将JSON写入文件后用curl读取，是最稳妥的方式：

1. 先将JSON内容写入文件：

echo "$json" > inventory_update.json

2. 使用curl读取文件发送请求：

curl -k -L -X PUT \
  -H "Accept: application/json" \
  -H "Authorization: Token 62d85df90210cd1a827bc1518c4cd6c1fb1a64d1" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  "https://our_api.org/api/inventory/$macAddress/" \
  --data-binary @inventory_update.json

--data-binary参数会原样读取文件内容，避免任何字符解析问题，适合大文件传输。

额外注意事项 #

• 确保$macAddress变量在Shell中已正确赋值，若包含特殊字符需进行URL编码（可使用urlencode工具）。
• 若JSON中包含单引号，优先使用文件传递的方式，避免转义带来的麻烦。
• 测试时可直接替换$macAddress为实际MAC地址，排查变量展开是否存在问题。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Andy McRae