导入cartopy时触发‘Fatal Python error: Segmentation fault’该如何解决？

问题场景 #

使用Spyder 5.3.3搭配Python 3.10，执行import cartopy时触发致命段错误，错误栈如下：

import cartopy

Fatal Python error: Segmentation fault

Main thread:
Current thread 0x00000001105ae600 (most recent call first):
  File "/Users/xushan/opt/anaconda3/envs/py310/lib/python3.10/site-packages/shapely/geometry/polygon.py", line 54 in __init__
  File "/Users/xushan/opt/anaconda3/envs/py310/lib/python3.10/site-packages/cartopy/crs.py", line 2904 in __init__
  File "/Users/xushan/opt/anaconda3/envs/py310/lib/python3.10/site-packages/cartopy/crs.py", line 2926 in <module>
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 241 in _call_with_frames_removed
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>", line 883 in exec_module
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 688 in _load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1006 in _find_and_load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1027 in _find_and_load
  File "/Users/xushan/opt/anaconda3/envs/py310/lib/python3.10/site-packages/cartopy/__init__.py", line 107 in <module>
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 241 in _call_with_frames_removed
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>", line 883 in exec_module
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 688 in _load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1006 in _find_and_load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1027 in _find_and_load
  File "/var/folders/sk/q1bd_nkn1z345sbmdty96hpn6_w5dn/T/ipykernel_26154/823226011.py", line 1 in <module>

Restarting kernel...

错误原因 #

从错误栈追踪，问题根源在Shapely库的多边形初始化环节，Cartopy依赖Shapely处理几何图形，段错误主要由以下情况导致：

• Shapely与Cartopy版本不兼容，Python 3.10属于较新版本，部分旧版依赖库对其支持不完善
• Conda环境中底层依赖（如GEOS、GDAL）的二进制编译版本冲突
• Spyder内核缓存与环境依赖库加载冲突

解决办法 #

1. 重新安装兼容版本的Cartopy与Shapely #

优先使用conda-forge源安装，该源的包针对Python 3.10做了适配，兼容性更好：

conda remove cartopy shapely
conda install -c conda-forge cartopy shapely python=3.10

2. 修复底层依赖库版本匹配问题 #

检查GEOS和GDAL版本，确保版本满足兼容要求（GEOS≥3.9，GDAL≥3.4）：

conda list geos gdal

若版本过低，单独更新：

conda install -c conda-forge geos>=3.9 gdal>=3.4

3. 重置Spyder内核缓存 #

段错误可能由内核缓存异常导致，执行以下步骤：

• 关闭Spyder
• 删除内核缓存文件：

rm -rf /var/folders/sk/q1bd_nkn1z345sbmdty96hpn6_w5dn/T/ipykernel_*

• 重新启动Spyder，重启内核后再次尝试导入Cartopy

4. 创建全新Conda环境 #

若上述方法无效，构建干净的环境排除冲突：

conda create -n py310-cartopy python=3.10
conda activate py310-cartopy
conda install -c conda-forge cartopy spyder

使用新环境启动Spyder测试导入操作。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Xu Shan