Docker容器中Apache重写规则无法生效的问题求助

我用PHP Apache Docker容器搭建了REST API，需要通过Apache重写规则将所有API请求路由到index.php（REST控制器），但访问http://localhost/xyz这类路径时始终返回404错误。已经参考大量教程和论坛问题，仍无法解决。

本地文件结构 #

php
  conf.d
    - error_reporting.ini
    - xdebug.ini
  Dockerfile
  index.php

apache
  - apache2.conf

docker-compose.yml

Dockerfile内容 #

FROM php:8.1-apache

WORKDIR /var/www/html/

RUN pecl install xdebug \
    && docker-php-ext-enable xdebug \
    && a2enmod rewrite

COPY . .

EXPOSE 80

docker-compose.yml内容 #

services:

  php:
    build: ./php
    depends_on:
      - db
    container_name: php-apache
    ports:
      - 80:80
    volumes:
      - ./php:/var/www/html
      - ./php/conf.d/xdebug.ini:/usr/local/etc/php/conf.d/docker-php-ext-xdebug.ini
      - ./php/conf.d/error_reporting.ini:/usr/local/etc/php/conf.d/error_reporting.ini
      - ./apache/apache2.conf:/etc/apache2/apache2.conf
    environment:
      MARIADB_HOST: localhost
      MARIADB_USER: root
      MARIADB_PASSWORD: top_very_secret
      MARIADB_DB: apidb

  adminer:
    image: adminer
    depends_on:
      - db
    restart: always
    ports:
      - 8080:8080

  db:
    image: mariadb
    container_name: db
    volumes:
      - maria-db-storage:/var/lib/mysql
    environment:
      MARIADB_ROOT_PASSWORD: top_very_secret
      MARIADB_DATABASE: apidb

volumes:
  maria-db-storage:

Apache配置修改 #

我从容器虚拟文件系统复制了默认的apache2.conf到本地，并添加了以下自定义指令：

# Custom directives start here

# Set Server's name
ServerName 'localhost'

# Rewrite for routing of all requests through REST controller
RewriteEngine On

# If requested resource is index.php, do nothing
RewriteRule ^index\.php$ - [L]

# If requested resource is a file or directory that does not exist, reroute to REST 
# controller index.php
RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}%{REQUEST_URI} !-f [OR]
RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}%{REQUEST_URI} !-d
RewriteRule . /index.php [L]

已完成的排查 #

• 确认容器内的apache2.conf已更新为本地修改后的版本
• 已启用rewrite_module模块
• 执行apachectl configtest显示配置语法正确
• 访问根路径http://localhost正常，但重写规则未生效

疑问：是否和xdebug的9003端口通信有关？还有哪些配置遗漏了？

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者DevelJoe