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多模块Spring JPA项目遭遇java.lang.ClassNotFoundException问题求助

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数据老陈
2026-8-12
问题描述

原本基于Spring JPA的单模块Maven测试项目运行正常，拆分为test（业务逻辑）和test-persistence（数据访问）两个模块后出现异常，删除两个模块的module-info.java后恢复正常，确认问题与Java模块声明相关。

运行时异常 

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: java/lang/instrument/IllegalClassFormatException
    at spring.data.jpa@2.7.3/org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.JpaRepositoryConfigExtension.getConfigurationInspectionClassLoader(JpaRepositoryConfigExtension.java:239)
    at spring.data.commons@2.7.3/org.springframework.data.repository.config.RepositoryConfigurationExtensionSupport.getRepositoryConfigurations(RepositoryConfigurationExtensionSupport.java:97)
    at spring.data.commons@2.7.3/org.springframework.data.repository.config.RepositoryConfigurationDelegate.registerRepositoriesIn(RepositoryConfigurationDelegate.java:159)
    at spring.data.commons@2.7.3/org.springframework.data.repository.config.RepositoryBeanDefinitionRegistrarSupport.registerBeanDefinitions(RepositoryBeanDefinitionRegistrarSupport.java:106)
    at spring.context@5.3.23/org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassBeanDefinitionReader.lambda$loadBeanDefinitionsFromRegistrars$1(ConfigurationClassBeanDefinitionReader.java:396)
    at java.base/java.util.LinkedHashMap.forEach(LinkedHashMap.java:684)
    at spring.context@5.3.23/org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitionsFromRegistrars(ConfigurationClassBeanDefinitionReader.java:395)
    at spring.context@5.3.23/org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitionsForConfigurationClass(ConfigurationClassBeanDefinitionReader.java:157)
    at spring.context@5.3.23/org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(ConfigurationClassBeanDefinitionReader.java:129)
    at spring.context@5.3.23/org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.processConfigBeanDefinitions(ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.java:343)
    at spring.context@5.3.23/org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.postProcessBeanDefinitionRegistry(ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.java:247)
    at spring.context@5.3.23/org.springframework.context.support.PostProcessorRegistrationDelegate.invokeBeanDefinitionRegistryPostProcessors(PostProcessorRegistrationDelegate.java:311)
    at spring.context@5.3.23/org.springframework.context.support.PostProcessorRegistrationDelegate.invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(PostProcessorRegistrationDelegate.java:112)
    at spring.context@5.3.23/org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(AbstractApplicationContext.java:746)
    at spring.context@5.3.23/org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:564)
    at spring.context@5.3.23/org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext.<init>(AnnotationConfigApplicationContext.java:93)
    at test/org.test.Main.main(Main.java:15)
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: java.lang.instrument.IllegalClassFormatException
    at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.BuiltinClassLoader.loadClass(BuiltinClassLoader.java:581)
    at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.ClassLoaders$AppClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoaders.java:178)
    at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:522)
    ... 17 more

调试时还会提示缺失Derby、Hibernate等类。

项目结构 

- test
-- src.main.java
--- org.test
---- Config.java
---- Main.java
--- module-info.java
--- src.main.resources
---- org/test/application.properties
-- pom.xml

- test-persistence
-- src.main.java
--- org.test.persistence
---- CustomRepository.java
---- CustomRepositoryImpl.java
---- Entity.java
---- MyRepository.java
---- PersistenceConfiguration.java
--- module-info.java
-- pom.xml
test模块文件

pom.xml 

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>test</groupId>
    <artifactId>test</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>

    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>

        <spring.version>5.3.23</spring.version>
        <spring-data.version>2.7.3</spring-data.version>
    </properties>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.8.0</version>
                <configuration>
                    <release>11</release>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

    <dependencies>
    
        <dependency>
            <groupId>test</groupId>
            <artifactId>test-persistence</artifactId>
            <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-instrument</artifactId>
            <version>${spring.version}</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
            <version>5.3.23</version>
        </dependency>

    </dependencies>
</project>

module-info.java 

module test {

    requires testPersistence;

    requires spring.context;
    requires spring.beans;
    requires spring.core;
    requires spring.instrument;
    opens org.test;
}

Config.java 

package org.test;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Import;
import org.test.persistence.PersistenceConfiguration;

@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "org.test")
@Import(PersistenceConfiguration.class)
public class Config {

}

Main.java 

package org.test;

import java.util.List;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
import org.test.persistence.Entity;
import org.test.persistence.MyRepository;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        System.out.println("Running java " + Runtime.version().feature());

        AnnotationConfigApplicationContext appCtx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(Config.class);
        MyRepository repo = appCtx.getBean(MyRepository.class);
        List<Entity> result = repo.findOrderedByLastUsedLimitedTo(2);
    }

}

application.properties 

spring.jpa.generate-ddl=true

spring.jpa.defer-datasource-initialization=true

spring.jpa.database-platform=org.hibernate.dialect.DerbyDialect
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update
spring.datasource.driverClassName=org.apache.derby.iapi.jdbc.AutoloadedDriver
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:derby:eTimer;create=true
test-persistence模块文件

pom.xml 

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
  <groupId>test</groupId>
  <artifactId>test-persistence</artifactId>
  <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
  
  <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>

        <spring.version>5.3.23</spring.version>
        <spring-data.version>2.7.3</spring-data.version>
    </properties>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.8.0</version>
                <configuration>
                    <release>11</release>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.persistence</groupId>
            <artifactId>javax.persistence-api</artifactId>
            <version>2.2</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.data</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-data-jpa</artifactId>
            <version>${spring-data.version}</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-instrument</artifactId>
            <version>${spring.version}</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

module-info.java 

module testPersistence {
    
    requires java.persistence;
    requires java.sql;
    requires spring.data.commons;
    requires spring.data.jpa;
    requires spring.orm;
    requires spring.jdbc;
    requires spring.tx;
    requires spring.context;

    opens org.test.persistence;

    exports org.test.persistence to test;
}

CustomRepository.java 

package org.test.persistence;

import java.util.List;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

@Repository
public interface CustomRepository {

    List<Entity> findOrderedByDescriptionLimitedTo(int maxItems);
}

CustomRepositoryImpl.java 

package org.test.persistence;

import java.util.List;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.PersistenceContext;

public class CustomRepositoryImpl implements CustomRepository {

    @PersistenceContext
    private EntityManager entityManager;

    @Override
    public List<Entity> findOrderedByDescriptionLimitedTo(int limit) {
        return entityManager.createQuery("SELECT p FROM Entity p ORDER BY p.description", Entity.class)
                .setMaxResults(limit).getResultList();
    }
}

Entity.java 

package org.test.persistence;

import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@javax.persistence.Entity
@Table(name = "Entity")
public class Entity {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
    private Long id;

    @Column
    private String description;

    public Entity() {
        super();
    }

    public Entity(Long id, String description) {
        super();
        this.id = id;
        this.description = description;
    }
}

MyRepository.java 

package org.test.persistence;

import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

@Repository
public interface MyRepository extends JpaRepository<Entity, Long>, CustomRepository {

    Entity save(Entity task);
}

PersistenceConfiguration.java 

package org.test.persistence;

import java.io.File;

import javax.sql.DataSource;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.EnableJpaRepositories;
import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.Database;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter;
import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;

@Configuration
@EnableJpaRepositories("org.test.persistence")
@PropertySource("org/test/application.properties")
public class PersistenceConfiguration {

    private static final String DRIVER_CLASS_NAME = "org.apache.derby.iapi.jdbc.AutoloadedDriver";
    private static final String DATA_SOURCE_DRIVER_URL = "jdbc:derby:test;create=true";
    private static final String DATA_SOURCE_USER = null;
    private static final String DATA_SOURCE_PASSWORD = null;

    @Bean("entityManagerFactory")
    public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean entityManagerFactory() {
        
        System.setProperty("derby.system.home", System.getProperty("user.home") + File.separatorChar + "test");
        
        LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean entityManagerFactoryBean = new LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean();
        entityManagerFactoryBean.setPackagesToScan("org.test");
        entityManagerFactoryBean.setPersistenceUnitName("system");
        entityManagerFactoryBean.setDataSource(systemDataSource());

        HibernateJpaVendorAdapter adapter = new HibernateJpaVendorAdapter();
        adapter.setDatabase(Database.DERBY);
        adapter.setShowSql(true);
        adapter.setGenerateDdl(true);

        entityManagerFactoryBean.setJpaVendorAdapter(adapter);

        return entityManagerFactoryBean;
    }

    @Bean
    DataSource systemDataSource() {
        DriverManagerDataSource dataSource = new DriverManagerDataSource();
        dataSource.setDriverClassName(DRIVER_CLASS_NAME);
        dataSource.setUrl(DATA_SOURCE_DRIVER_URL);
        dataSource.setUsername(DATA_SOURCE_USER);
        dataSource.setPassword(DATA_SOURCE_PASSWORD);

        return dataSource;
    }

    @Bean(name="transactionManager")
    public PlatformTransactionManager systemTransactionManager() {
        JpaTransactionManager transactionManager = new JpaTransactionManager();
        transactionManager.setEntityManagerFactory((entityManagerFactory().getObject()));

        return transactionManager;
    }
}
解决方案

问题核心在于Java模块系统下，依赖的模块和JDK内部模块未正确声明访问权限，导致类加载失败。

1. 修复test模块的module-info.java

添加对JDK内部模块的声明，同时补充Spring相关依赖模块：

module test {
    requires testPersistence;

    requires spring.context;
    requires spring.beans;
    requires spring.core;
    requires spring.instrument;
    requires spring.data.jpa;
    requires spring.orm;
    
    // 允许Spring框架代理和反射访问
    opens org.test to spring.core, spring.context;
    
    // 引入JDK instrument模块
    requires java.instrument;
}

2. 修复test-persistence模块的module-info.java

补充缺失的依赖模块，确保Hibernate、Derby等能被正常访问：

module testPersistence {
    requires java.persistence;
    requires java.sql;
    requires java.instrument;
    requires spring.data.commons;
    requires spring.data.jpa;
    requires spring.orm;
    requires spring.jdbc;
    requires spring.tx;
    requires spring.context;
    requires spring.core;
    
    // 允许Spring和Hibernate反射访问实体类和配置类
    opens org.test.persistence to spring.core, spring.context, spring.orm, spring.data.jpa;
    
    exports org.test.persistence to test;
}

3. 补充缺失的依赖

  • 在test-persistence的pom.xml中添加Derby驱动依赖：
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.derby</groupId>
    <artifactId>derby</artifactId>
    <version>10.15.2.0</version>
    <scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>
  • 添加Hibernate核心依赖：
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
    <artifactId>hibernate-core</artifactId>
    <version>5.6.14.Final</version>
</dependency>

4. 调整PersistenceConfiguration

将setPackagesToScan("org.test")改为setPackagesToScan("org.test.persistence")，确保只扫描持久化模块下的实体类：

entityManagerFactoryBean.setPackagesToScan("org.test.persistence");

5. 修正Main.java中的方法名

当前代码中调用的repo.findOrderedByLastUsedLimitedTo(2)不存在，改为repo.findOrderedByDescriptionLimitedTo(2)，匹配CustomRepository中的方法。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者cattox

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最近更新时间：2026.08.12 05:25:12