Python类继承问题：Priviledges类无法获取Admin实例的name属性

我参考过类似技术帖子，但按方法操作后仍无法解决问题。我定义了基类User，子类Admin继承User的方法，还有一个Privileges类（注：已知拼写应为privileges，非母语疏漏）。想在Admin中实例化Privileges后，让Privileges显示Admin的name属性，但运行报错，请求帮助。

原代码：

class User:
    
    def __init__(self, name, last_name, age, city, job):
        self.name = name
        self.last_name = last_name
        self.age = age
        self.city = city
        self.job = job
        self.login_attempts = 0
    
    def describe_user(self):
        print(f"The user's name is {self.name.title()} {self.last_name.title()},\n is {self.age} years old,\n he comes from {self.city.title()},\n his job is {self.job}.")
        print(f"Welcome {self.name.title()}.\n")   

    def increment_login_attempts(self):
        self.login_attempts += 1
        print(f"Login attemps: {self.login_attempts}")
        
    def reset_login_attempts(self):
        self.login_attempts = 0
        print(f"Login attemps: {self.login_attempts}")


class Admin(User):
    def __init__(self, name, last_name, age, city, job):
        super().__init__(name, last_name, age, city, job)
   
        self.prvldgs = Priviledges()        
        

class Priviledges(Admin): 

    def __init__(self, name):
        super().__init__(name)
        
        self.priviledges = ['can add posts', 'can delete posts', 'can ban users']
        
        self.name = name
        
    def show_priviledges(self):
        print(f"{self.name} has these priviledges:\n", self.priviledges)

        
john_admin = Admin('john', 'haward', '32', 'new york', 'writer')

john_admin.prvldgs.show_priviledges()

john_admin.describe_user()

报错信息：

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
Input In [34], in <cell line: 52>()
     43         print(f"{self.name} has these priviledges:\n", self.priviledges)
     50 mark = User('mark', 'hamilton', '23', 'livorno', 'journalist')
---> 52 john_admin = Admin('john', 'haward', '32', 'new york', 'writer')
     55 john_admin.prvldgs.show_priviledges()
     57 john_admin.describe_user()

Input In [34], in Admin.__init__(self, name, last_name, age, city, job)
     27 def __init__(self, name, last_name, age, city, job):
     28     super().__init__(name, last_name, age, city, job)
---> 30     self.prvldgs = Priviledges()

TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'name'

预期输出：

John has these privileges:
 ['can add posts', 'can delete posts', 'can ban users']
The user's name is John Haward,
 is 32 years old,
 he comes from New York,
 his job is writer.
Welcome John.

问题根源 #

1. 类继承关系错误：Privileges不应该继承Admin，权限是Admin的附属属性，而非继承关系。继承会导致Privileges被当作Admin实例初始化，需要传入Admin的全部参数，完全偏离设计初衷。
2. 实例化参数缺失：Privileges的__init__要求传入name，但Admin中实例化时未传参，直接触发TypeError。
3. 冗余的name赋值：就算传入name，Privileges中重新赋值的self.name也和Admin实例的name无关，无法实现需求。

修正后的代码 #

class User:
    
    def __init__(self, name, last_name, age, city, job):
        self.name = name
        self.last_name = last_name
        self.age = age
        self.city = city
        self.job = job
        self.login_attempts = 0
    
    def describe_user(self):
        print(f"The user's name is {self.name.title()} {self.last_name.title()},\n is {self.age} years old,\n he comes from {self.city.title()},\n his job is {self.job}.")
        print(f"Welcome {self.name.title()}.\n")   

    def increment_login_attempts(self):
        self.login_attempts += 1
        print(f"Login attempts: {self.login_attempts}")
        
    def reset_login_attempts(self):
        self.login_attempts = 0
        print(f"Login attempts: {self.login_attempts}")


class Admin(User):
    def __init__(self, name, last_name, age, city, job):
        super().__init__(name, last_name, age, city, job)
        # 实例化Privileges时传入当前Admin实例的name
        self.privileges = Privileges(self.name)        
        

class Privileges: 
    # 接收用户name作为参数
    def __init__(self, username):
        self.privileges_list = ['can add posts', 'can delete posts', 'can ban users']
        self.username = username
        
    def show_privileges(self):
        print(f"{self.username.title()} has these privileges:\n", self.privileges_list)

        
john_admin = Admin('john', 'haward', '32', 'new york', 'writer')

john_admin.privileges.show_privileges()

john_admin.describe_user()

关键修改说明 #

1. 调整继承关系：Privileges改为独立类，不再继承Admin，避免不必要的实例初始化逻辑。
2. 传递正确参数：Admin实例化Privileges时，把自身的name传递给Privileges的构造函数，保证权限显示的是当前管理员的名字。
3. 统一拼写：修正了priviledges为标准拼写privileges，同时调整变量名提升可读性。
4. 修正拼写错误：原代码中Login attemps改为Login attempts，符合英语拼写规范。

运行结果 #

John has these privileges:
 ['can add posts', 'can delete posts', 'can ban users']
The user's name is John Haward,
 is 32 years old,
 he comes from New York,
 his job is writer.
Welcome John.

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者RandomDude