Spring Boot 3 Native Image启动失败：缺少ServletWebServerFactory Bean

问题 #

将复杂Spring Boot应用升级至Boot 3.0和Cloud 2022.0.0-SNAPSHOT，相关Gradle依赖配置如下：

plugins {
    id("org.springframework.boot") version "3.0.0"
    id("io.spring.dependency-management") version "1.1.0"
    id("com.github.davidmc24.gradle.plugin.avro") version "1.5.0"
    jacoco
    kotlin("jvm") version "1.7.21"
    kotlin("plugin.spring") version "1.7.21"
    id("org.graalvm.buildtools.native") version "0.9.19"
}

java.sourceCompatibility = VERSION_17

repositories {
    maven { url = uri("https://repo.spring.io/milestone") }
    maven { url = uri("https://repo.spring.io/snapshot") }
    mavenCentral()
    maven { url = uri("https://packages.confluent.io/maven") }
    maven { url = uri("https://oss.jfrog.org/artifactory/oss-snapshot-local") }

}

extra["springCloudVersion"] = "2022.0.0-SNAPSHOT"
extra["confluentVersion"] = "7.3.0"
extra["avroVersion"] = "1.11.1"

dependencies {
    implementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web")
    implementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-actuator")
    implementation("org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-fabric8-config")
    implementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb")
    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect")
    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk8")
    implementation("org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-starter-bootstrap")
    implementation("org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-stream")
    implementation("org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-stream-binder-kafka-streams")
    implementation("io.micrometer:micrometer-tracing-bridge-brave")
    implementation("io.confluent:kafka-avro-serializer:${property("confluentVersion")}")
    implementation("io.confluent:kafka-schema-registry-client:${property("confluentVersion")}")
    implementation("io.confluent:kafka-streams-avro-serde:${property("confluentVersion")}")
    implementation("org.apache.avro:avro:${property("avroVersion")}")
    implementation("io.micrometer:micrometer-registry-prometheus")
    implementation("io.projectreactor.kotlin:reactor-kotlin-extensions")
    implementation("javax.money:money-api:1.1")
    implementation("org.javamoney:moneta:1.4.2")
    implementation("com.atlassian.commonmark:commonmark:0.17.0")
}

执行命令./gradlew clean bootBuildImage生成Native Image后，通过以下命令启动容器：

docker run -p 8080:8080 -e SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE=local,confluent-cloud docker.io/library/myapp:2.0.0-SNAPSHOT

启动失败，报错信息如下：

2022-12-15T20:12:25.981Z  INFO [,,] 1 --- [           main] i.s.m.MyAppKt      : Starting AOT-processed MyAppKt using Java 17.0.5 with PID 1 (/workspace/i.s.m.MyAppKt started by cnb in /workspace)
2022-12-15T20:12:25.981Z  INFO [,,] 1 --- [           main] i.s.m.MyAppKt      : The following 2 profiles are active: "local", "confluent-cloud"
2022-12-15T20:12:25.985Z  WARN [,,] 1 --- [           main] w.s.c.ServletWebServerApplicationContext : Exception encountered during context initialization - cancelling refresh attempt: org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextException: Unable to start web server
2022-12-15T20:12:25.985Z ERROR [,,] 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.d.LoggingFailureAnalysisReporter   : 

***************************
APPLICATION FAILED TO START
***************************

Description:

Web application could not be started as there was no org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.server.ServletWebServerFactory bean defined in the context.

请问该问题的原因是什么？

原因分析 #

这个问题的核心是Spring Native AOT处理时，Web相关的自动配置未被正确触发，导致容器启动时找不到ServletWebServerFactory bean，具体原因如下：

• Spring Cloud Bootstrap与Native Image的兼容性问题：引入的spring-cloud-starter-bootstrap在Spring Boot 3.0+搭配Spring Cloud 2022.0.x快照版本中，Bootstrap上下文的初始化逻辑在AOT处理阶段未正确包含Web自动配置类，使得Web服务器工厂bean无法被注册。

• AOT元数据缺失：生成Native Image时，Spring会提前执行AOT分析来确定需要打包的类和bean。如果Web相关的自动配置（如TomcatServletWebServerFactoryAutoConfiguration）未被AOT工具识别为必要配置，生成的Native Image中就不会包含对应的ServletWebServerFactory bean定义。

• 激活的配置文件影响：启动时激活的local和confluent-cloud配置文件中，可能存在配置项意外关闭了Web自动配置，或者覆盖了Spring Boot默认的Web相关配置，导致AOT处理时跳过了Web服务器的自动配置流程。

此外，Spring Cloud 2022.0.x（代号Kilburn）处于快照阶段，部分组件的Native Image支持尚未完善，尤其是Bootstrap上下文与Web自动配置结合的场景，容易出现这类bean缺失问题。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者codependent