安装cudf依赖CUDA时遇dpkg跨设备链接错误，求解决

问题背景 #

我在参加Kaggle OTTO Recommendation System竞赛时，尝试安装高排名选手使用的cudf库，过程中遇到依赖问题：

初始错误提示：

E: Unmet dependencies. Try ‘apt --fix-broken install’ with no packages (or specify & solution)

执行sudo apt --fix-broken install后触发如下错误：

dpkg: error processing archive /var/cuda-repo-ubuntu1804-11-4-local/./nvidia-compute-utils-470_470.57.02-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb (--unpack):  
unable to make backup link of './usr/bin/nvidia-cuda-mps-control' before installing new version: Invalid cross-device link
dpkg-deb: error: paste subprocess was killed by signal (Broken pipe) 
Preparing to unpack .../nvidia-utils-470_470.57.02-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... 
Unpacking nvidia-utils-470 (470.57.02-0ubuntu1) ... 
dpkg: error processing archive /var/cuda-repo-ubuntu1804-11-4-local/./nvidia-utils-470_470.57.02-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb (--unpack): 
unable to make backup link of './usr/bin/nvidia-debugdump' before installing new version: Invalid cross-device link 
dpkg-deb: error: paste subprocess was killed by signal (Broken pipe) 
Errors were encountered while processing: 
/var/cuda-repo-ubuntu1804-11-4-local/./nvidia-compute-utils-470_470.57.02-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb 
/var/cuda-repo-ubuntu1804-11-4-local/./nvidia-utils-470_470.57.02-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb 
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

尝试sudo dpkg -i --force-overwrite /var/cuda-repo-ubuntu1804-11-4-local/./nvidia-compute-utils-470_470.57.02-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb后仍报错：

(Reading database ... 31 files and directories currently installed.) 
Preparing to unpack .../nvidia-compute-utils-470_470.57.02-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... 
Unpacking nvidia-compute-utils-470 (470.57.02-0ubuntu1) ... 
dpkg: error processing archive /var/cuda-repo-ubuntu1804-11-4-local/./nvidia-compute-utils-470_470.57.02-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb (--install): 
unable to make backup link of './usr/bin/nvidia-cuda-mps-control' before installing new version: Invalid cross-device link 
dpkg-deb: error: paste subprocess was killed by signal (Broken pipe) 
Errors were encountered while processing: 
/var/cuda-repo-ubuntu1804-11-4-local/./nvidia-compute-utils-470_470.57.02-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb

解决方案 #

方法1：禁用dpkg备份链接功能 #

错误根源是dpkg尝试跨存储设备创建文件备份链接，直接跳过备份步骤即可：

• 执行以下命令强制安装deb包并禁用备份：

sudo dpkg -i --force-overwrite --no-backup-if-mismatch /var/cuda-repo-ubuntu1804-11-4-local/./nvidia-compute-utils-470_470.57.02-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb
sudo dpkg -i --force-overwrite --no-backup-if-mismatch /var/cuda-repo-ubuntu1804-11-4-local/./nvidia-utils-470_470.57.02-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb

• 完成后修复剩余依赖：

sudo apt --fix-broken install

方法2：手动移走冲突文件 #

如果方法1无效，可临时将冲突文件转移到同一分区：

• 备份冲突文件到临时目录：

sudo mv /usr/bin/nvidia-cuda-mps-control /tmp/
sudo mv /usr/bin/nvidia-debugdump /tmp/

• 重新执行依赖修复命令：

sudo apt --fix-broken install

• 安装完成后，新包会自动替换这些文件，无需手动恢复备份。

方法3：全局禁用dpkg备份链接 #

若系统中/usr和/var属于不同分区，可永久修改dpkg配置避免此类问题：

• 查看分区挂载情况确认：

df -h

• 创建并编辑dpkg配置文件：

sudo nano /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/01-nobackup

• 添加以下内容：

no-backup-if-mismatch

• 保存退出后，重新执行依赖修复：

sudo apt --fix-broken install

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者doyeon Lee