从qmake转CMake：如何实现调试与发布模式的依赖管理？

完全可以复现你描述的qmake依赖管理模式，核心是利用CMake的子项目构建和外部依赖导入分别对应调试/发布阶段，同时通过CMake内置路径变量解决include基准问题。

一、先解决路径适配问题 #

不要直接用相对路径引用.cmake文件，改用CMake的CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR变量（指向当前处理的CMakeLists.txt所在目录）拼接绝对路径，彻底规避基准路径混乱：
假设项目结构如下：

project_root/
├─ shared/
│  └─ CMakeLists.txt
└─ app/
   ├─ common/
   │  └─ CMakeLists.txt
   └─ CMakeLists.txt

在app/CMakeLists.txt中引用shared的配置时，写法如下：

include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../shared/CMakeLists.txt")

更灵活的方式是在根目录CMakeLists.txt中定义全局根路径变量：

set(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})

后续所有子项目都用${PROJECT_ROOT_DIR}/shared/CMakeLists.txt这类写法引用，完全消除相对路径歧义。

二、调试阶段：自动同步编译依赖（对应qmake include .pri） #

直接把shared和common作为当前项目的子目录添加，CMake会自动在编译应用目标前先编译依赖库：
在app/CMakeLists.txt中添加：

# 添加shared静态库子项目，指定独立构建目录避免文件混乱
add_subdirectory(${PROJECT_ROOT_DIR}/shared ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/shared_build)
# 添加app专属common静态库子项目
add_subdirectory(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/common ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/common_build)

# 链接应用目标到依赖库
add_executable(app_standalone main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(app_standalone PRIVATE shared common)

add_library(app_plugin1 MODULE plugin1.cpp)
target_link_libraries(app_plugin1 PRIVATE shared common)

这样只要编译应用的任意目标，CMake会自动检查shared和common是否需要重新编译，完全复现qmake中.pri文件的同步编译效果。

三、发布阶段：先编译库再链接（对应构建脚本预编译） #

先单独构建shared和common并安装到指定目录，再让应用项目导入预编译库：

1. 给库添加安装规则
   在shared/CMakeLists.txt和app/common/CMakeLists.txt末尾添加安装逻辑：

# shared的CMakeLists.txt
install(TARGETS shared ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib)
install(FILES shared.h DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include)

# common的CMakeLists.txt
install(TARGETS common ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib)
install(FILES common.h DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include)

然后用命令预编译安装：

# 编译并安装shared
cmake -S ./shared -B ./shared_build -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=./install_dir
cmake --build ./shared_build --target install

# 编译并安装common
cmake -S ./app/common -B ./common_build -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=./install_dir
cmake --build ./common_build --target install

2. 应用项目导入预编译库
   在app/CMakeLists.txt中通过find_library直接定位预编译库：

# 定位预编译的shared和common库
find_library(SHARED_LIB NAMES shared PATHS ${INSTALL_DIR}/lib NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
find_library(COMMON_LIB NAMES common PATHS ${INSTALL_DIR}/lib NO_DEFAULT_PATH)

# 链接应用目标
add_executable(app_standalone main.cpp)
target_include_directories(app_standalone PRIVATE ${INSTALL_DIR}/include)
target_link_libraries(app_standalone PRIVATE ${SHARED_LIB} ${COMMON_LIB})

如果给库配置了Config.cmake文件（更规范的CMake依赖方式），也可以用find_package导入：

find_package(shared REQUIRED PATHS ${INSTALL_DIR})
find_package(common REQUIRED PATHS ${INSTALL_DIR})

add_executable(app_standalone main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(app_standalone PRIVATE shared::shared common::common)

四、用CMake选项一键切换调试/发布模式 #

添加配置选项，无需手动修改CMakeLists.txt即可切换两种模式：
在app/CMakeLists.txt开头添加：

option(BUILD_DEPENDENCIES_INTERNAL "Build shared and common as subprojects (debug mode)" ON)
set(INSTALL_DIR "${PROJECT_ROOT_DIR}/install_dir" CACHE PATH "Path to prebuilt shared/common libraries (release mode)")

if(BUILD_DEPENDENCIES_INTERNAL)
    # 调试模式：自动编译依赖
    add_subdirectory(${PROJECT_ROOT_DIR}/shared ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/shared_build)
    add_subdirectory(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/common ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/common_build)
else()
    # 发布模式：导入预编译库
    find_library(SHARED_LIB NAMES shared PATHS ${INSTALL_DIR}/lib NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
    find_library(COMMON_LIB NAMES common PATHS ${INSTALL_DIR}/lib NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
    
    # 将预编译库声明为CMake目标，统一后续链接逻辑
    add_library(shared STATIC IMPORTED)
    set_target_properties(shared PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION ${SHARED_LIB})
    target_include_directories(shared INTERFACE ${INSTALL_DIR}/include)

    add_library(common STATIC IMPORTED)
    set_target_properties(common PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION ${COMMON_LIB})
    target_include_directories(common INTERFACE ${INSTALL_DIR}/include)
endif()

# 后续所有应用目标的链接逻辑完全统一
add_executable(app_standalone main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(app_standalone PRIVATE shared common)

add_library(app_plugin1 MODULE plugin1.cpp)
target_link_libraries(app_plugin1 PRIVATE shared common)

调试时默认启用BUILD_DEPENDENCIES_INTERNAL=ON，自动同步编译依赖；发布时只需通过命令行传入参数切换：

cmake -S ./app -B ./app_build -DBUILD_DEPENDENCIES_INTERNAL=OFF -DINSTALL_DIR=./install_dir
cmake --build ./app_build

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Nuno Santos