Linux无sudo权限下pip安装Pillow失败：gcc编译报错（Python.h缺失）

问题背景 #

在Linux虚拟机中尝试安装Pillow 8.4（对应Python3.6），但没有sudo权限，无法通过系统包管理器安装Python开发依赖。执行以下两条命令均失败：

python3 -m pip install Pillow

python3 -m pip install Pillow --upgrade

核心错误 #

编译过程中提示头文件缺失：

fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory

最终终止报错：

error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1

完整错误输出（省略20+条成功编译日志）：

Collecting Pillow
  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/7d/2a/2fc11b54e2742db06297f7fa7f420a0e3069fdcf0e4b57dfec33f0b08622/Pillow-8.4.0.tar.gz
Installing collected packages: Pillow
  Running setup.py install for Pillow ... error
    Complete output from command /usr/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-go2j0sv9/Pillow/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-piu2gd0c-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile:
    running install
    running build
    running build_py
    creating build
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/PIL
    copying src/PIL/IcnsImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/PIL
    # x20 copying lines removed
    running egg_info
    writing src/Pillow.egg-info/PKG-INFO
    writing dependency_links to src/Pillow.egg-info/dependency_links.txt
    writing top-level names to src/Pillow.egg-info/top_level.txt
    reading manifest file 'src/Pillow.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'
    reading manifest template 'MANIFEST.in'
    warning: no files found matching '*.c'
    warning: no files found matching '*.h'
    warning: no files found matching '*.sh'
    warning: no previously-included files found matching '.appveyor.yml'
    warning: no previously-included files found matching '.clang-format'
    warning: no previously-included files found matching '.coveragerc'
    warning: no previously-included files found matching '.editorconfig'
    warning: no previously-included files found matching '.readthedocs.yml'
    warning: no previously-included files found matching 'codecov.yml'
    warning: no previously-included files matching '.git*' found anywhere in distribution
    warning: no previously-included files matching '*.pyc' found anywhere in distribution
    warning: no previously-included files matching '*.so' found anywhere in distribution
    no previously-included directories found matching '.ci'
    writing manifest file 'src/Pillow.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'
    running build_ext
    building 'PIL._imaging' extension
    building 'PIL._imagingft' extension
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6
    building 'PIL._imagingtk' extension
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/src
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/src
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/src/Tk
    gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -D_GNU_SOURCE -fPIC -fwrapv -fPIC -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/tmp/pip-build-go2j0sv9/Pillow -I/usr/include/fribidi -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c src/_imagingtk.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/src/_imagingtk.o
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/src/libImaging
    gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -D_GNU_SOURCE -fPIC -fwrapv -fPIC -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/tmp/pip-build-go2j0sv9/Pillow -I/usr/include/fribidi -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c src/_imagingft.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/src/_imagingft.o
    building 'PIL._imagingmath' extension
    gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -D_GNU_SOURCE -fPIC -fwrapv -fPIC -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/tmp/pip-build-go2j0sv9/Pillow -I/usr/include/fribidi -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c src/_imagingmath.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/src/_imagingmath.o
    gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -D_GNU_SOURCE -fPIC -fwrapv -fPIC -DHAVE_LIBJPEG -DHAVE_LIBZ -DHAVE_LIBTIFF -DHAVE_XCB -DPILLOW_VERSION="8.4.0" -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/tmp/pip-build-go2j0sv9/Pillow -I/usr/include/fribidi -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c src/_imaging.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/src/_imaging.o
    src/_imagingft.c:22:20: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory
     #include "Python.h"
                        ^
    compilation terminated.
    src/_imagingtk.c:15:20: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory
     #include "Python.h"
                        ^
    compilation terminated.
    src/_imagingmath.c:16:20: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory
     #include "Python.h"
                        ^
    compilation terminated.
    src/_imaging.c:75:20: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory
     #include "Python.h"
                        ^
    compilation terminated.
    building 'PIL._imagingmorph' extension
    gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -D_GNU_SOURCE -fPIC -fwrapv -fPIC -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/tmp/pip-build-go2j0sv9/Pillow -I/usr/include/fribidi -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c src/_imagingmorph.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/src/_imagingmorph.o
    src/_imagingmorph.c:14:20: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory
     #include "Python.h"
                        ^
    compilation terminated.
    error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1

解决方案 #

1. 直接安装预编译wheel包 #

跳过本地编译，用pip下载预编译好的二进制包：

python3 -m pip install Pillow==8.4.0 --only-binary :all:

如果缓存导致问题，添加--no-cache-dir参数重新安装：

python3 -m pip install Pillow==8.4.0 --only-binary :all: --no-cache-dir

2. 指定Python头文件路径（若能找到） #

如果系统中存在Python3.6的头文件但不在默认搜索路径，先定位头文件位置：

python3 -c "import sysconfig; print(sysconfig.get_path('include'))"

假设输出是/opt/python3.6/include/python3.6m，设置环境变量后安装：

export CFLAGS="-I/opt/python3.6/include/python3.6m"
python3 -m pip install Pillow==8.4.0

3. 用pyenv搭建独立Python环境 #

如果允许在用户目录下安装工具，可以用pyenv自己编译带完整头文件的Python3.6：

1. 克隆pyenv到用户目录：

git clone https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv.git ~/.pyenv

2. 配置shell环境变量（根据你用的shell修改~/.bashrc或~/.zshrc）：

echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"' >> ~/.bashrc
echo 'export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc
echo -e 'if command -v pyenv 1>/dev/null 2>&1; then\n  eval "$(pyenv init -)"\nfi' >> ~/.bashrc

3. 重启shell或加载配置：

source ~/.bashrc

4. 安装Python3.6.15（最新的3.6分支稳定版）：

pyenv install 3.6.15

5. 设置当前shell使用这个Python版本：

pyenv local 3.6.15

6. 安装Pillow：

pip install Pillow==8.4.0

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者cultured_left_foot