在macOS Ventura的M2 MacBook Pro上安装CocoaPods遇权限错误求助

问题场景 #

我在搭载M2芯片的MacBook Pro上安装CocoaPods，系统为macOS Ventura 13.1，已安装Xcode 14.2及Xcode命令行工具14.2。执行以下命令：

sudo gem install cocoapods

出现如下权限错误：

Fetching rexml-3.2.5.gem
Fetching nanaimo-0.3.0.gem
Fetching colored2-3.1.2.gem
Fetching claide-1.1.0.gem
Fetching atomos-0.1.3.gem
Fetching ruby-macho-2.5.1.gem
Fetching xcodeproj-1.22.0.gem
Fetching nap-1.1.0.gem
Fetching molinillo-0.8.0.gem
Fetching gh_inspector-1.1.3.gem
Fetching fourflusher-2.3.1.gem
Fetching escape-0.0.4.gem
Fetching cocoapods-try-1.2.0.gem
Fetching netrc-0.11.0.gem
Fetching cocoapods-trunk-1.6.0.gem
Fetching cocoapods-search-1.0.1.gem
Fetching cocoapods-plugins-1.0.0.gem
Fetching cocoapods-downloader-1.6.3.gem
Fetching cocoapods-deintegrate-1.0.5.gem
Fetching ffi-1.15.5.gem
Fetching ethon-0.16.0.gem
Fetching typhoeus-1.4.0.gem
Fetching public_suffix-4.0.7.gem
Fetching fuzzy_match-2.0.4.gem
Fetching concurrent-ruby-1.1.10.gem
Fetching json-2.6.3.gem
Fetching httpclient-2.8.3.gem
Fetching algoliasearch-1.27.5.gem
Fetching addressable-2.8.1.gem
Fetching zeitwerk-2.6.6.gem
Fetching tzinfo-2.0.5.gem
Fetching minitest-5.17.0.gem
Fetching cocoapods-1.11.3.gem
Fetching i18n-1.12.0.gem
Fetching activesupport-6.1.7.gem
Fetching cocoapods-core-1.11.3.gem

**ERROR:  While executing gem ... (Gem::FilePermissionError)
    You don't have write permissions for the /System/Library/Frameworks/Ruby.framework/Versions/2.6/usr/lib/ruby/gems/2.6.0 directory.**
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/installer.rb:712:in `verify_gem_home'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/installer.rb:902:in `pre_install_checks'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/installer.rb:302:in `install'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/resolver/specification.rb:104:in `install'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/request_set.rb:194:in `block in install'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/request_set.rb:182:in `each'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/request_set.rb:182:in `install'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb:214:in `install_gem'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb:230:in `block in install_gems'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb:223:in `each'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb:223:in `install_gems'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb:169:in `execute'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/command.rb:323:in `invoke_with_build_args'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/command_manager.rb:251:in `invoke_command'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/command_manager.rb:191:in `process_args'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/command_manager.rb:149:in `run'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/gem_runner.rb:51:in `run'
    /usr/bin/gem:21:in `<main>'

随后尝试执行以下命令，仍出现相同权限错误：

sudo gem uninstall ffi && sudo gem install ffi -- --enable-libffi-alloc

错误输出：

Gem 'ffi' is not installed
ERROR:  While executing gem ... (Gem::FilePermissionError)
    You don't have write permissions for the /System/Library/Frameworks/Ruby.framework/Versions/2.6/usr/lib/ruby/gems/2.6.0 directory.**
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/installer.rb:712:in `verify_gem_home'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/installer.rb:902:in `pre_install_checks'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/installer.rb:302:in `install'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/resolver/specification.rb:104:in `install'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/request_set.rb:194:in `block in install'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/request_set.rb:182:in `each'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/request_set.rb:182:in `install'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb:214:in `install_gem'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb:230:in `block in install_gems'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb:223:in `each'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb:223:in `install_gems'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb:169:in `execute'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/command.rb:323:in `invoke_with_build_args'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/command_manager.rb:251:in `invoke_command'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/command_manager.rb:191:in `process_args'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/command_manager.rb:149:in `run'
    /Library/Ruby/Site/2.6.0/rubygems/gem_runner.rb:51:in `run'
    /usr/bin/gem:21:in `<main>'

问题原因 #

macOS Ventura及后续版本启用了严格的系统完整性保护（SIP），系统自带Ruby所在的/System/Library/Frameworks/Ruby.framework目录属于系统核心区域，即使使用sudo也无法修改该目录的写入权限，因此直接通过系统Ruby安装CocoaPods会触发权限错误。

解决方案 #

方法一：使用Homebrew安装CocoaPods（推荐，操作最简单） #

1. 若未安装Homebrew，执行以下命令完成安装：

   /bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"
   

2. 安装CocoaPods：

   brew install cocoapods
   

3. 验证安装成功：

   pod --version
   

方法二：使用rbenv管理独立Ruby环境 #

这种方法会创建一个用户级别的Ruby环境，完全避开系统Ruby的权限限制：

1. 安装rbenv和ruby-build：

   brew install rbenv ruby-build
   

2. 初始化rbenv，执行命令：

   rbenv init
   

   根据提示，将初始化命令添加到你的shell配置文件（比如~/.zshrc，M系列Mac默认使用zsh），添加后执行：

   source ~/.zshrc
   

3. 查看可用的Ruby版本：

   rbenv install --list
   

4. 安装一个较新的Ruby版本（例如3.2.2）：

   rbenv install 3.2.2
   

5. 设置全局Ruby版本为刚安装的版本：

   rbenv global 3.2.2
   

6. 验证Ruby版本是否切换成功：

   ruby -v
   

7. 无需sudo，直接安装CocoaPods：

   gem install cocoapods
   

8. 验证安装：

   pod --version
   

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者WeCan