为何CMake+Visual Studio 17 2022在Release模式下生成Debug可执行文件？

问题描述 #

使用CMake搭配Visual Studio 17 2022构建gRPC客户端程序，依赖vcpkg安装的静态gRPC和protobuf生成代码。

• x64 Debug配置构建时，可执行文件生成路径符合预期：

  <project_dir>\out\build\x64-debug\examples\<example_name>\<example_name>.exe
  

• x64 Release配置构建时，可执行文件生成在意外路径，且实际是Debug版本：

  <project_dir>\out\build\x64-release\examples\<example_name>\Debug\<example_name>.exe
  

二进制文件与Debug版本完全一致，无构建错误，但Visual Studio GUI运行时因找不到预期路径的Release可执行文件失败。

已尝试的操作 #

• 删除所有CMake缓存和构建输出，无效；
• 删除Visual Studio缓存，无效；
• 移除顶层CMakeLists.txt中的set(CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "MultiThreaded$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:Debug>")，Debug构建失败，未解决核心问题；
• 修改该行内容为set(CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "MultiThreaded$<$CONFIG:Debug:Release>")，CMake无法识别该设置，无法构建；
• 移除所有依赖简化为HelloWorld项目，问题依旧；
• 尝试复制Visual Studio运行的CMake命令（未完成）。

最小复现案例 #

项目结构 #

project
│
├──> CMakeLists.txt
├──> CMakePresets.json
├── src
│   ├──> CMakeLists.txt
│   └── test_lib
│        ├──> CMakeLists.txt
│        ├──> test_lib.cpp
│        └──> test_lib.h
└── examples
    ├──> CMakeLists.txt
    └── hello_world
         ├──> CMakeLists.txt
         └──> exampleA.cpp

各文件内容 #

project/CMakeLists.txt

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16)
project("TestProject")

include(FetchContent)

if(POLICY CMP0091)
  cmake_policy(SET CMP0091 NEW) 
endif()

set(CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "MultiThreaded$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:Debug>")

find_package(gRPC CONFIG REQUIRED)
find_package(Protobuf REQUIRED)

set(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS OFF)

enable_testing()

add_subdirectory("src")
add_subdirectory("examples")

project/CMakePresets.json

{
  "version": 3,
  "configurePresets": [
    {
      "name": "windows-base",
      "hidden": true,
      "generator": "Visual Studio 17 2022",
      "binaryDir": "${sourceDir}/out/build/${presetName}",
      "installDir": "${sourceDir}/out/install/${presetName}",
      "cacheVariables": {
        "CMAKE_C_COMPILER": "cl.exe",
        "CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER": "cl.exe",
        "VCPKG_TARGET_TRIPLET": "x64-windows-static",
        "CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE": {
          "value": "C:/github/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake",
          "type": "FILEPATH"
        }
      },
      "condition": {
        "type": "equals",
        "lhs": "${hostSystemName}",
        "rhs": "Windows"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "x64-debug",
      "displayName": "x64 Debug",
      "inherits": "windows-base",
      "architecture": {
        "value": "x64",
        "strategy": "external"
      },
      "cacheVariables": {
        "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE": "Debug"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "x64-release",
      "displayName": "x64 Release",
      "inherits": "x64-debug",
      "cacheVariables": {
        "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE": "Release"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "x86-debug",
      "displayName": "x86 Debug",
      "inherits": "windows-base",
      "architecture": {
        "value": "x86",
        "strategy": "external"
      },
      "cacheVariables": {
        "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE": "Debug"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "x86-release",
      "displayName": "x86 Release",
      "inherits": "x86-debug",
      "cacheVariables": {
        "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE": "Release"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "linux-debug",
      "displayName": "Linux Debug",
      "generator": "Ninja",
      "binaryDir": "${sourceDir}/out/build/${presetName}",
      "installDir": "${sourceDir}/out/install/${presetName}",
      "cacheVariables": {
        "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE": "Debug"
      },
      "condition": {
        "type": "equals",
        "lhs": "${hostSystemName}",
        "rhs": "Linux"
      },
      "vendor": {
        "microsoft.com/VisualStudioRemoteSettings/CMake/1.0": {
          "sourceDir": "$env{HOME}/.vs/$ms{projectDirName}"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "macos-debug",
      "displayName": "macOS Debug",
      "generator": "Ninja",
      "binaryDir": "${sourceDir}/out/build/${presetName}",
      "installDir": "${sourceDir}/out/install/${presetName}",
      "cacheVariables": {
        "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE": "Debug"
      },
      "condition": {
        "type": "equals",
        "lhs": "${hostSystemName}",
        "rhs": "Darwin"
      },
      "vendor": {
        "microsoft.com/VisualStudioRemoteSettings/CMake/1.0": {
          "sourceDir": "$env{HOME}/.vs/$ms{projectDirName}"
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}

project/src/CMakeLists.txt

add_subdirectory("test_lib")

project/src/test_lib/CMakeLists.txt

add_subdirectory("test_lib")

project/src/test_lib/test_lib.h

#pragma once

void printHelloWorld();

project/src/test_lib/test_lib.cpp

#include <iostream>

void printHelloWorld()
{
    std::cout << "Hello World" << std::endl;
}

project/examples/CMakeLists.txt

add_subdirectory("hello_world")

project/examples/hello_world/CMakeLists.txt

add_executable(example_a "exampleA.cpp" )
target_link_libraries(example_a PRIVATE test_lib)
target_include_directories(example_a PUBLIC "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/test_lib")

project/examples/hello_world/exampleA.cpp

#include "test_lib.h"
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    printHelloWorld();
    std::cin.get();
}

解决方案 #

1. 修复test_lib目录下的CMakeLists.txt错误 #

原project/src/test_lib/CMakeLists.txt中的add_subdirectory("test_lib")会尝试寻找不存在的子目录，导致CMake无法正确生成静态库，替换为创建静态库的命令：

add_library(test_lib STATIC test_lib.cpp test_lib.h)

2. 调整CMakePresets.json的VS生成器配置 #

Visual Studio是多配置生成器，直接在preset中设置CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE会导致配置冲突。修改Windows相关preset：

• 移除x64-debug、x64-release、x86-debug、x86-release中cacheVariables里的CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE项；
• 若希望每个preset对应单独的单配置构建目录，可将windows-base的生成器改为Ninja（需提前安装Ninja），并保留CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE设置。

3. 调整CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY的设置时机 #

将set(CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY)移至project命令之前，确保运行时库设置被正确初始化：

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16)

set(CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "MultiThreaded$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:Debug>")

project("TestProject")

# 剩余代码...

4. 清理重建 #

完成以上修改后，删除所有构建目录和CMake缓存，重新运行CMake配置并构建。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Smitch