调用LoadLibrary时抛出std::bad_alloc错误，求原因分析

我尝试加载一款使用Android NDK构建、带有JNI桥接的so库，以便在Kotlin中调用。但调用System.loadLibrary("shared_librar.so")时，出现了如下错误，且我还未实际调用该库中的任何功能：

> Task :test FAILED
terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::bad_alloc'
  what():  std::bad_alloc

FAILURE: Build failed with an exception.

* What went wrong:
Execution failed for task ':test'.
> Process 'Gradle Test Executor 25' finished with non-zero exit value 134
  This problem might be caused by incorrect test process configuration.
  Please refer to the test execution section in the User Manual at https://docs.gradle.org/7.5.1/userguide/java_testing.html#sec:test_execution

* Try:
> Run with --info or --debug option to get more log output.
> Run with --scan to get full insights.

* Exception is:
org.gradle.api.tasks.TaskExecutionException: Execution failed for task ':test'.
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.lambda$executeIfValid$1(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:142)
        at org.gradle.internal.Try$Failure.ifSuccessfulOrElse(Try.java:282)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.executeIfValid(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:140)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.execute(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:128)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.CleanupStaleOutputsExecuter.execute(CleanupStaleOutputsExecuter.java:77)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.FinalizePropertiesTaskExecuter.execute(FinalizePropertiesTaskExecuter.java:46)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ResolveTaskExecutionModeExecuter.execute(ResolveTaskExecutionModeExecuter.java:51)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.SkipTaskWithNoActionsExecuter.execute(SkipTaskWithNoActionsExecuter.java:57)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.SkipOnlyIfTaskExecuter.execute(SkipOnlyIfTaskExecuter.java:56)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.CatchExceptionTaskExecuter.execute(CatchExceptionTaskExecuter.java:36)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.EventFiringTaskExecuter$1.executeTask(EventFiringTaskExecuter.java:77)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.EventFiringTaskExecuter$1.call(EventFiringTaskExecuter.java:55)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.EventFiringTaskExecuter$1.call(EventFiringTaskExecuter.java:52)
        at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$CallableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:204)
        at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$CallableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:199)
        at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$2.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:66)
        at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$2.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:59)
        at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:157)
        at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:59)
        at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.call(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:53)
        at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.call(DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.java:73)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.EventFiringTaskExecuter.execute(EventFiringTaskExecuter.java:52)
        at org.gradle.execution.plan.LocalTaskNodeExecutor.execute(LocalTaskNodeExecutor.java:69)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$InvokeNodeExecutorsAction.execute(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:327)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$InvokeNodeExecutorsAction.execute(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:314)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$BuildOperationAwareExecutionAction.execute(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:307)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$BuildOperationAwareExecutionAction.execute(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:293)
        at org.gradle.execution.plan.DefaultPlanExecutor$ExecutorWorker.execute(DefaultPlanExecutor.java:420)
        at org.gradle.execution.plan.DefaultPlanExecutor$ExecutorWorker.run(DefaultPlanExecutor.java:342)
        at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.ExecutorPolicy$CatchAndRecordFailures.onExecute(ExecutorPolicy.java:64)
        at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.ManagedExecutorImpl$1.run(ManagedExecutorImpl.java:48)
Caused by: org.gradle.process.internal.ExecException: Process 'Gradle Test Executor 25' finished with non-zero exit value 134
This problem might be caused by incorrect test process configuration.
Please refer to the test execution section in the User Manual at https://docs.gradle.org/7.5.1/userguide/java_testing.html#sec:test_execution
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.testing.worker.ForkingTestClassProcessor.stop(ForkingTestClassProcessor.java:192)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.testing.processors.RestartEveryNTestClassProcessor.endBatch(RestartEveryNTestClassProcessor.java:77)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.testing.processors.RestartEveryNTestClassProcessor.stop(RestartEveryNTestClassProcessor.java:62)
        at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor756.invoke(Unknown Source)
        at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
        at org.gradle.internal.dispatch.ReflectionDispatch.dispatch(ReflectionDispatch.java:36)
        at org.gradle.internal.dispatch.ReflectionDispatch.dispatch(ReflectionDispatch.java:24)
        at org.gradle.internal.dispatch.FailureHandlingDispatch.dispatch(FailureHandlingDispatch.java:30)
        at org.gradle.internal.dispatch.AsyncDispatch.dispatchMessages(AsyncDispatch.java:87)
        at org.gradle.internal.dispatch.AsyncDispatch.access$000(AsyncDispatch.java:36)
        at org.gradle.internal.dispatch.AsyncDispatch$1.run(AsyncDispatch.java:71)
        at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.InterruptibleRunnable.run(InterruptibleRunnable.java:42)
        at org.gradle.internal.operations.CurrentBuildOperationPreservingRunnable.run(CurrentBuildOperationPreservingRunnable.java:42)
        at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.ExecutorPolicy$CatchAndRecordFailures.onExecute(ExecutorPolicy.java:64)
        at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.ManagedExecutorImpl$1.run(ManagedExecutorImpl.java:48)


* Get more help at https://help.gradle.org

BUILD FAILED in 4s
5 actionable tasks: 1 executed, 4 up-to-date

出现std::bad_alloc但未调用库功能，说明崩溃发生在SO库的加载阶段，而非函数调用阶段，常见原因及排查方向如下：

1. SO库的静态初始化代码存在内存分配错误 #

C/C++的全局变量、静态对象会在SO库被加载时自动执行初始化逻辑，如果这段代码中存在以下情况，会直接抛出std::bad_alloc：

• 尝试分配超出系统/进程可用内存的大块内存（比如new int[1024*1024*1024]）
• 内存分配逻辑存在错误（比如无限循环申请内存）
• 依赖的内存资源未正确初始化，导致分配失败

排查建议：

• 检查SO库中全局变量、静态对象的初始化代码，定位不合理的内存申请逻辑
• 在NDK代码中添加日志，跟踪初始化阶段的内存分配情况

2. 架构不匹配 #

你构建的SO库的CPU架构（如arm64-v8a、armeabi-v7a）与测试环境的架构不兼容，比如在x86/x86_64的模拟器或测试机上加载arm架构的SO，会导致内存访问异常，间接触发std::bad_alloc类错误。

排查建议：

• 查看测试设备的CPU架构（Android设备可通过adb shell getprop ro.product.cpu.abi获取）
• 确认NDK构建脚本中指定的ABI与测试设备架构一致

3. 依赖库缺失或版本不兼容 #

SO库依赖的系统库或第三方库在测试环境中不存在，或者版本不匹配，会导致加载时的内存初始化异常，进而抛出std::bad_alloc。

排查建议：

• 使用readelf -d libshared_librar.so查看SO库的依赖项
• 检查测试环境中是否存在所有依赖库，且版本符合要求

4. 测试进程内存限制不足 #

Gradle测试进程的内存配额太小，SO库加载时初始化需要的内存超过了进程可用额度，导致内存分配失败。

排查建议：

• 在模块的build.gradle中调整测试进程的JVM参数，增大堆内存：

test {
    jvmArgs '-Xmx2048m'
}

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者mconte