将targetSdkVersion从30升级到31后Android Studio构建报错

核心问题根源 #

• 旧版Android Support库与AndroidX库混合依赖，导致注解处理逻辑冲突
• 使用了过时的Android架构组件版本（Room 1.1.0），其注解处理器不兼容targetSdk31引入的新注解属性规范
• Kotlin及kapt插件版本过低，无法识别targetSdk31新增的MODULE注解属性

分步解决方案 #

1. 彻底迁移到AndroidX #

移除所有com.android.support开头的依赖，替换为对应的AndroidX库，targetSdk31要求必须使用AndroidX：

• com.android.support:appcompat-v7:28.0.0 → androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.4.1
• com.android.support:support-v4:28.0.0 → androidx.legacy:legacy-support-v4:1.0.0
• com.android.support:design:28.0.0 → com.google.android.material:material:1.5.0
• com.android.support.constraint:constraint-layout:1.1.3 → androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:2.1.3
• com.android.support:multidex:1.0.3 → androidx.multidex:multidex:2.0.1

2. 升级Room到AndroidX版本 #

替换旧的Android架构组件Room为AndroidX版本，版本至少升级到2.4.0+（旧版本注解处理器不兼容targetSdk31）：

def room_version = "2.4.3"
// 移除旧的android.arch依赖
implementation "androidx.room:room-runtime:$room_version"
implementation "androidx.room:room-rxjava2:$room_version"
kapt "androidx.room:room-compiler:$room_version"

3. 升级Kotlin及相关插件版本 #

在项目根目录的build.gradle中指定兼容targetSdk31的Kotlin版本（至少1.5.31），同步升级Android Gradle插件到7.0+：

buildscript {
    ext.kotlin_version = "1.5.31"
    dependencies {
        classpath "com.android.tools.build:gradle:7.0.4"
        classpath "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-gradle-plugin:$kotlin_version"
    }
}

4. 清理重复依赖与配置 #

合并两个dependencies块，移除重复依赖（如重复的appcompat-v7、fileTree），确保配置统一。

修改后的完整app/build.gradle示例 #

apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
apply plugin: 'kotlin-android'
apply plugin: 'kotlin-kapt'
apply plugin: "androidx.navigation.safeargs.kotlin"
apply plugin: 'com.google.gms.google-services'

android {
    compileSdkVersion 31
    defaultConfig {
        applicationId "com.app.app"
        minSdkVersion 21
        targetSdkVersion 31
        versionCode 168
        versionName "4.68"
        testInstrumentationRunner "androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
        vectorDrawables.useSupportLibrary true
        multiDexEnabled true
    }
    buildTypes {
        release {
            minifyEnabled false
            proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android-optimize.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
        }
    }
    compileOptions {
        sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
        targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
    }
    kotlinOptions {
        jvmTarget = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8.toString()
    }
    dataBinding {
        enabled = true
    }
}

dependencies {
    def room_version = "2.4.3"
    def retro_version = "2.9.0"
    def gson_version = "2.9.0"
    def nav_version = "2.4.0"
    def kotlin_version = "1.5.31"

    implementation fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
    implementation "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk7:$kotlin_version"
    implementation 'com.google.android.material:material:1.5.0'
    implementation 'androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.4.1'
    implementation 'androidx.legacy:legacy-support-v4:1.0.0'
    implementation 'androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:2.1.3'
    implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-maps:18.0.2'
    testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.13.2'
    androidTestImplementation 'androidx.test:runner:1.4.0'
    androidTestImplementation 'androidx.test.espresso:espresso-core:3.4.0'

    implementation "com.google.code.gson:gson:$gson_version"

    // Room AndroidX版本
    implementation "androidx.room:room-runtime:$room_version"
    implementation "androidx.room:room-rxjava2:$room_version"
    kapt "androidx.room:room-compiler:$room_version"

    implementation 'androidx.multidex:multidex:2.0.1'

    implementation "androidx.navigation:navigation-fragment-ktx:$nav_version"
    implementation "androidx.navigation:navigation-ui-ktx:$nav_version"

    // Utils
    implementation "org.jetbrains.anko:anko-commons:0.10.5"

    // Retrofit升级到兼容版本
    implementation "com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:$retro_version"
    implementation "com.squareup.retrofit2:adapter-rxjava2:$retro_version"
    implementation "com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:$retro_version"
    implementation "com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-scalars:$retro_version"
    implementation "com.squareup.picasso:picasso:2.71828"

    implementation 'io.reactivex.rxjava2:rxandroid:2.1.1'

    implementation "androidx.swiperefreshlayout:swiperefreshlayout:1.1.0"
    implementation "androidx.recyclerview:recyclerview:1.2.1"
    implementation "androidx.recyclerview:recyclerview-selection:1.1.0"

    implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-analytics:19.0.0'
    implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-auth:21.0.1'
    implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-firestore:24.0.1'
    implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-messaging:23.0.0'
    implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-location:19.0.1'

    implementation 'me.dm7.barcodescanner:zxing:1.9'
    implementation 'com.journeyapps:zxing-android-embedded:3.4.0'
    implementation 'com.vorlonsoft:androidrate:1.0.8'

    // Lifecycle升级
    implementation 'androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-extensions:2.2.0'
    implementation 'androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel-ktx:2.4.1'
}

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者ank berma