使用Python向ThingsBoard发送遥测数据时遇401未授权错误

我尝试通过API向ThingsBoard发送遥测数据，但发起请求时遇到了401错误码。使用的Python脚本如下：

import requests
import time
import json

server = "https://demo.thingsboard.io"
access_token = "Qk78CWpafxj4NB2TzGXz"
entity_id = "f6fa1e60-a078-11ed-bed1-3ba75184734b"

def send_active(server, access_token, entity_id, msg):
    headers = {
        "Content-Type": "application/json",
        "Authorization": f"Bearer {access_token}"
    }
    url = f"{server}/api/v1/{entity_id}/telemetry"
    payload = {
        "ts": int(time.time() * 1000),
        "values": {
            "message": msg
        }
    }
    response = requests.post(url, headers=headers, data=json.dumps(payload))
    if response.status_code != 204:
        print("Request headers:", response.request.headers)
        print("Request body:", response.request.body)
        print("Request failed with status code:", response.status_code)
        print("Response content:", response.content)
        raise Exception("Failed to send telemetry data")

msg = "active"
send_active(server, access_token, entity_id, msg)

得到的错误信息如下：

Request headers: {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.27.1', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Bearer Qk78CWpafxj4NB2TzGXz', 'Content-Length': '51'}
Request body: b'{"ts": 1676028720, "values": {"message": "active"}}'
Request failed with status code: 401
Response content: b''

问题分析与修正方案 #

• API端点路径错误
  ThingsBoard的v1遥测上传API不需要在URL中传入entity_id，正确的端点格式是/api/v1/{access_token}/telemetry，直接用设备的access token作为路径参数来认证设备身份。你当前的URL用了entity_id，导致认证失败。

• 认证方式混用
  v1 API仅通过URL中的access token完成设备认证，不需要在请求头中添加Authorization: Bearer {access_token}。你同时使用了两种认证逻辑，反而触发了权限校验失败。

• 修正后的脚本
  调整URL和请求头，修改后的代码如下：

import requests
import time
import json

server = "https://demo.thingsboard.io"
access_token = "Qk78CWpafxj4NB2TzGXz"

def send_active(server, access_token, msg):
    headers = {
        "Content-Type": "application/json"
    }
    # 修正API URL，用access_token替换entity_id
    url = f"{server}/api/v1/{access_token}/telemetry"
    payload = {
        "ts": int(time.time() * 1000),
        "values": {
            "message": msg
        }
    }
    response = requests.post(url, headers=headers, data=json.dumps(payload))
    if response.status_code != 204:
        print("Request headers:", response.request.headers)
        print("Request body:", response.request.body)
        print("Request failed with status code:", response.status_code)
        print("Response content:", response.content)
        raise Exception("Failed to send telemetry data")
    else:
        print("遥测数据发送成功")

msg = "active"
send_active(server, access_token, msg)

关键修改点说明 #

1. 删除了entity_id参数，因为v1 API不需要该值
2. 调整API URL，将路径中的entity_id替换为设备的access_token
3. 移除请求头中的Authorization字段，避免认证逻辑冲突

运行修正后的脚本，若返回204状态码，则说明遥测数据已成功上传到ThingsBoard。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者JohnEspinosa