Geotools矢量网格图层无法显示问题求助

我正在开发基于Geotools的地图应用，近期网格图层莫名无法显示。现有代表地球的WMS地图，以及采用WGS84地理坐标系、10°方格的FeatureLayer网格。以下是初始化MapContent的代码，参照Geotools矢量网格教程设置了澳大利亚区域的网格：

public void initMap(int w, int h)
{
  mapContent = new MapContent();
  mapContent.getViewport().setMatchingAspectRatio(true);
  mapContent.getViewport().setFixedBoundsOnResize(false);
 
  // WMS
  wmsLayer = new WMSLayer(wmsConnection, selectedLayer);
  
  ReferencedEnvelope dataBounds = wmsLayer.getBounds();
  CoordinateReferenceSystem dataCrs = dataBounds.getCoordinateReferenceSystem();

  mapContent.addLayer(wmsLayer);

  mapContent.getViewport().setScreenArea(new Rectangle(w, h));
  mapContent.getViewport().setBounds(dataBounds);
  mapContent.getViewport().setCoordinateReferenceSystem(dataCrs);

  // Grid
  ReferencedEnvelope gridBounds = new ReferencedEnvelope(110, 150, -45, -8, DefaultGeographicCRS.WGS84);

  FeatureSource<SimpleFeatureType, SimpleFeature> lonLatGrid = Grids.createSquareGrid(gridBounds, 10);
  ReprojectingFeatureCollection rfc;

  try {
    SimpleFeatureCollection sfc = (SimpleFeatureCollection)lonLatGrid.getFeatures();
    rfc = new ReprojectingFeatureCollection(sfc, mapContent.getViewport().getCoordinateReferenceSystem());
  } catch (IOException e)
  {
    throw new RuntimeException(e);
  }

  Style style = SLD.createSimpleStyle(rfc.getSchema());

  FeatureLayer grid = new FeatureLayer(rfc, style);
  mapContent.addLayer(grid);
}

我使用StreamingRenderer在JavaFX Canvas上渲染地图，WMS图层可正常显示，但FeatureLayer网格完全不显示。相关Geotools日志如下：

2023-02-16 14:50:26.739 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.renderer.lite               : Computed scale denominator: 7.687380703318137E7
2023-02-16 14:50:26.740 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.renderer.lite               : creating rules for scale denominator - 76,873,807.033
2023-02-16 14:50:26.740 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.styling                     : creating defaultMark
2023-02-16 14:50:26.741 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.styling                     : creating defaultMark
2023-02-16 14:50:26.741 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.data.util                   : CRSConverterFactory can be applied from Strings to CRS  only.
2023-02-16 14:50:26.741 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.data.util                   : InterpolationConverterFactory can be applied from Strings to Interpolation only.
2023-02-16 14:50:26.741 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.data.util                   : CRSConverterFactory can be applied from Strings to CRS  only.
2023-02-16 14:50:26.741 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.data.util                   : InterpolationConverterFactory can be applied from Strings to Interpolation only.
2023-02-16 14:50:26.741 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.data.util                   : CRSConverterFactory can be applied from Strings to CRS  only.
2023-02-16 14:50:26.741 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.data.util                   : InterpolationConverterFactory can be applied from Strings to Interpolation only.
2023-02-16 14:50:26.741 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.renderer.lite               : Processing 1 stylers for http://www.opengis.net/gml:grid
2023-02-16 14:50:26.741 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.renderer.lite               : Expanding rendering area by 2 pixels to consider stroke width
2023-02-16 14:50:26.742 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.renderer.lite               : Querying layer http://www.opengis.net/gml:grid with bbox: ReferencedEnvelope[-139.28905476171872 : 108.9843689453125, -60.03515721679681 : 107.02733350195317]
2023-02-16 14:50:26.743 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.styling                     : creating defaultMark
2023-02-16 14:50:26.765 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.renderer.label              : TOTAL LINE LABELS : 0
2023-02-16 14:50:26.765 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.renderer.label              : PAINTED LINE LABELS : 0
2023-02-16 14:50:26.765 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.renderer.label              : REMAINING LINE LABELS : 0
2023-02-16 14:50:26.765 DEBUG 133118 --- [lication Thread] org.geotools.renderer.lite               : Style cache hit ratio: 0.9977777777777778 , hits 449, requests 450

• 验证投影后网格与视口的重叠性：
  从日志查询的bbox范围来看，投影后的网格可能不在当前视口内。添加代码验证：

  // 创建rfc后添加
  ReferencedEnvelope reprojectedBounds = rfc.getBounds();
  System.out.println("投影后网格范围: " + reprojectedBounds);
  System.out.println("视口范围: " + mapContent.getViewport().getBounds());
  System.out.println("是否重叠: " + reprojectedBounds.intersects(mapContent.getViewport().getBounds()));
  

  若不重叠，可先将网格原始范围转换为WMS的CRS，再创建网格：

  ReferencedEnvelope gridBoundsWGS84 = new ReferencedEnvelope(110, 150, -45, -8, DefaultGeographicCRS.WGS84);
  ReferencedEnvelope gridBoundsWMS = gridBoundsWGS84.transform(dataCrs, true);
  // 这里网格大小用对应CRS的单位，比如米
  FeatureSource<SimpleFeatureType, SimpleFeature> grid = Grids.createSquareGrid(gridBoundsWMS, 100000);
  

• 替换默认网格样式：
  SLD.createSimpleStyle生成的默认样式可能线条颜色与WMS背景重合，或线条宽度为0，手动指定明显样式：

  Style style = SLD.createLineStyle(Color.RED, 2.0f);
  

• 检查图层遮挡与顺序：
  暂时移除WMS图层，单独测试网格是否显示；同时确认网格图层添加在WMS之后，避免被完全遮挡。

• 确认视口CRS正确性：
  打印WMS返回的CRS信息，验证是否正确获取：

  System.out.println("WMS坐标系: " + dataCrs.getName().getCode());
  

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Elyas Tigre