Spring Boot使用GraalVM native-maven-plugin构建时类初始化异常

我尝试参考官方文档，使用Spring Boot 3构建Native Image，但构建阶段遇到以下异常：

[INFO]     [creator]     
[INFO]     [creator]     Error: Classes that should be initialized at run time got initialized during image building:
[INFO]     [creator]      ch.qos.logback.core.status.InfoStatus was unintentionally initialized at build time. To see why ch.qos.logback.core.status.InfoStatus got initialized use --trace-class-initialization=ch.qos.logback.core.status.InfoStatus
[INFO]     [creator]     ch.qos.logback.core.util.Loader was unintentionally initialized at build time. To see why ch.qos.logback.core.util.Loader got initialized use --trace-class-initialization=ch.qos.logback.core.util.Loader
[INFO]     [creator]     ch.qos.logback.classic.Logger was unintentionally initialized at build time. To see why ch.qos.logback.classic.Logger got initialized use --trace-class-initialization=ch.qos.logback.classic.Logger
[INFO]     [creator]     ch.qos.logback.core.util.StatusPrinter was unintentionally initialized at build time. To see why ch.qos.logback.core.util.StatusPrinter got initialized use --trace-class-initialization=ch.qos.logback.core.util.StatusPrinter
[INFO]     [creator]     ch.qos.logback.classic.Level was unintentionally initialized at build time. To see why ch.qos.logback.classic.Level got initialized use --trace-class-initialization=ch.qos.logback.classic.Level
[INFO]     [creator]     ch.qos.logback.core.status.StatusBase was unintentionally initialized at build time. To see why ch.qos.logback.core.status.StatusBase got initialized use --trace-class-initialization=ch.qos.logback.core.status.StatusBase
[INFO]     [creator]     To see how the classes got initialized, use --trace-class-initialization=ch.qos.logback.core.status.InfoStatus,ch.qos.logback.core.util.Loader,ch.qos.logback.classic.Logger,ch.qos.logback.core.util.StatusPrinter,ch.qos.logback.classic.Level,ch.qos.logback.core.status.StatusBase
[INFO]     [creator]     Error: Use -H:+ReportExceptionStackTraces to print stacktrace of underlying exception
[INFO]     [creator]     --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]     [creator]         1.6s (3.8% of total time) in 25 GCs | Peak RSS: 5.87GB | CPU load: 4.39

参考类似问题的解决方案，我对Maven插件做了如下配置，但没有生效：

<plugin>
   <groupId>org.graalvm.buildtools</groupId>
   <artifactId>native-maven-plugin</artifactId>
   <configuration>
      <classesDirectory>${project.build.outputDirectory}</classesDirectory>
      <metadataRepository>
         <enabled>true</enabled>
      </metadataRepository>
      <requiredVersion>22.3</requiredVersion>
      <verbose>true</verbose>
      <!-- note: I've tried several combinations of combine.children here, including omitting it entirely, none seem to have any effect -->

      <buildArgs>
         <arg>--verbose</arg>
         <arg>--initialize-at-build-time=org.slf4j.LoggerFactory,ch.qos.logback</arg>
         <arg>--trace-class-initialization=ch.qos.logback.core.status.InfoStatus,ch.qos.logback.core.util.StatusPrinter,ch.qos.logback.classic.Level,ch.qos.logback.classic.Logger,ch.qos.logback.core.util.Loader,ch.qos.logback.core.status.StatusBase</arg>
      </buildArgs>
   </configuration>
</plugin>

我的POM继承自spring-boot-starter-parent:3.0.2：

<parent>
      <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
      <version>3.0.2</version>
      <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
   </parent>

我试过多种配置组合，异常依然存在。另外添加-H:+ReportExceptionStackTraces也没效果，怀疑参数传递方式有误，请问如何正确配置Maven插件来消除这些错误？

1. 修正参数传递逻辑：通过Spring Boot插件配置Native参数 #

Spring Boot 3中，native-maven-plugin由spring-boot-maven-plugin间接调用，直接配置前者的buildArgs不会生效。正确做法是在Spring Boot插件中传递Native Image参数：

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <configuration>
        <image>
            <env>
                <BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS>
                    --initialize-at-run-time=ch.qos.logback.core.status.InfoStatus,ch.qos.logback.core.util.Loader,ch.qos.logback.classic.Logger,ch.qos.logback.core.util.StatusPrinter,ch.qos.logback.classic.Level,ch.qos.logback.core.status.StatusBase
                    -H:+ReportExceptionStackTraces
                </BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS>
            </env>
        </image>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

2. 调整初始化策略：不要反向配置 #

错误提示明确说明这些类应该在运行时初始化，却被提前到构建阶段，你之前配置的--initialize-at-build-time是反向操作，必须改为--initialize-at-run-time，强制这些类延迟到运行时再初始化。

3. 升级Spring Boot版本（推荐） #

Spring Boot 3.0.2存在部分Native Image兼容性问题，升级到3.0.5及以上版本后，官方已修复大量Logback相关的初始化问题，可能无需额外配置即可解决该异常。

4. 检查自定义Logback代码 #

如果项目中有自定义Logback配置或静态代码块中调用Logback API的逻辑，会在构建Native Image时触发类初始化。需要将这类代码重构为运行时初始化，比如放到@PostConstruct方法中。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Marty Pitt