使用CMake链接Lua与C++程序时遇链接错误，求解决方案

问题 #

我正在尝试构建一个通过CMake编译、可执行Lua脚本的C++程序。虽然成功导入lua.h，但当代码中调用lua_State相关函数时，编译阶段出现链接错误。

C++代码 #

#include <iostream>

#include "lua.h"
#include "lualib.h"
#include "lauxlib.h"

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {

    lua_State* L = luaL_newstate();

    // luaL_openlibs(L);
    // luaL_dofile(L, "scripts/lol.lua");


    lua_close(L);

    return 0;
}

CMakeLists.txt内容 #

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16 FATAL_ERROR)

project(Lua_cpp)

set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
set(MARCH "-march=broadwell") # set(MARCH "-march=native")
set(MTUNE "-mtune=broadwell") # set(MTUNE "-mtune=native")

include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)

find_package(Lua REQUIRED)
include_directories(/usr/local/include ${LUA_INCLUDE_DIR})

add_executable(execute main.cc)

target_link_libraries(execute ${LUA_LIBRARIES})

构建错误信息 #

/usr/local/Cellar/cmake/3.25.1/bin/cmake -S/Users/leo/coding/Lua/Lua_cpp -B/Users/leo/coding/Lua/Lua_cpp/build --check-build-system CMakeFiles/Makefile.cmake 0
/usr/local/Cellar/cmake/3.25.1/bin/cmake -E cmake_progress_start /Users/leo/coding/Lua/Lua_cpp/build/CMakeFiles /Users/leo/coding/Lua/Lua_cpp/build//CMakeFiles/progress.marks
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/make  -f CMakeFiles/Makefile2 all
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/make  -f CMakeFiles/execute.dir/build.make CMakeFiles/execute.dir/depend
cd /Users/leo/coding/Lua/Lua_cpp/build && /usr/local/Cellar/cmake/3.25.1/bin/cmake -E cmake_depends "Unix Makefiles" /Users/leo/coding/Lua/Lua_cpp /Users/leo/coding/Lua/Lua_cpp /Users/leo/coding/Lua/Lua_cpp/build /Users/leo/coding/Lua/Lua_cpp/build /Users/leo/coding/Lua/Lua_cpp/build/CMakeFiles/execute.dir/DependInfo.cmake --color=
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/make  -f CMakeFiles/execute.dir/build.make CMakeFiles/execute.dir/build
[ 50%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/execute.dir/main.cc.o
/usr/bin/g++  -I/Users/leo/coding/Lua/Lua_cpp/include -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/local/include/lua -g -isysroot /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX12.1.sdk -mmacosx-version-min=11.6 -MD -MT CMakeFiles/execute.dir/main.cc.o -MF CMakeFiles/execute.dir/main.cc.o.d -o CMakeFiles/execute.dir/main.cc.o -c /Users/leo/coding/Lua/Lua_cpp/main.cc
[100%] Linking CXX executable execute
/usr/local/Cellar/cmake/3.25.1/bin/cmake -E cmake_link_script CMakeFiles/execute.dir/link.txt --verbose=1
/usr/bin/g++ -g -isysroot /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX12.1.sdk -mmacosx-version-min=11.6 -Wl,-search_paths_first -Wl,-headerpad_max_install_names CMakeFiles/execute.dir/main.cc.o -o execute  /usr/local/lib/liblua5.4.dylib
Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
  "luaL_newstate()", referenced from:
      _main in main.cc.o
  "lua_close(lua_State*)", referenced from:
      _main in main.cc.o
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
make[2]: *** [execute] Error 1
make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/execute.dir/all] Error 2
make: *** [all] Error 2

CMake已找到Lua库：-- Found Lua: /usr/local/lib/liblua5.4.dylib (found version "5.4.4")，尝试过自动下载Lua源码构建，仍出现相同链接错误。

解决方案 #

1. 修复C++与C库的链接兼容性 #

C编译器会对函数名进行名称修饰（name mangling），而Lua是C语言编写的库，未做C兼容声明，导致链接时找不到对应符号。修改C++代码，用extern "C"包裹Lua头文件：

#include <iostream>

extern "C" {
#include "lua.h"
#include "lualib.h"
#include "lauxlib.h"
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {

    lua_State* L = luaL_newstate();

    // luaL_openlibs(L);
    // luaL_dofile(L, "scripts/lol.lua");

    lua_close(L);

    return 0;
}

2. 优化CMake配置（可选但推荐） #

改用现代CMake的目标级配置，替代全局包含和链接方式，提升兼容性：

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16 FATAL_ERROR)

project(Lua_cpp)

set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
set(MARCH "-march=broadwell") # set(MARCH "-march=native")
set(MTUNE "-mtune=broadwell") # set(MTUNE "-mtune=native")

# 添加编译选项
add_compile_options(${MARCH} ${MTUNE})

find_package(Lua REQUIRED)

add_executable(execute main.cc)

# 目标级别包含目录
target_include_directories(execute PRIVATE 
    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include
    ${LUA_INCLUDE_DIR}
)

# 使用官方推荐的目标链接
target_link_libraries(execute PRIVATE Lua::Lua)

3. 验证库架构匹配（排查步骤） #

如果上述方法无效，检查Lua库的架构是否与编译目标一致：

lipo -info /usr/local/lib/liblua5.4.dylib

确保输出包含x86_64，若库为arm64而编译环境是x86_64，需重新安装对应架构的Lua库。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者radioactiveman