如何解决Selenium RemoteWebDriver的SessionNotCreatedException及Maven构建失败问题？

问题背景 #

使用Selenium 4.1.0结合TestNG 7.4.0编写自动化测试代码，通过RemoteWebDriver连接localhost:4444远程服务器时抛出SessionNotCreatedException异常（请求超时）；同时执行maven-surefire-plugin 3.0.0-M5时出现构建失败，怀疑插件版本存在问题。

测试代码 #

FirefoxOptions chromeOptions = new FirefoxOptions();
WebDriver driver = null;

@BeforeTest
public void beforeTest() throws Exception
{
    driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://localhost:4444"), chromeOptions);
}

@Test
//Checking the title of iamNeo (Home - iamneo)
public void iamNeo() throws InterruptedException 
{
    // driver.manage().window().maximize();
    driver.navigate().to("http://iamneo.ai/");
    String title = driver.getTitle();
    System.out.println(title);
    Assert.assertEquals(title, "Learning and assessment solution for Universities and Enterprises");
}
@Test
//Moving to FACEBOOK
public void nextPage() throws InterruptedException 
{
    driver.navigate().to("https://www.facebook.com");
    String title = driver.getTitle();
    Assert.assertEquals(title, "Facebook – log in or sign up");

}
@Test
//Back to iamNeo
public void backPage() throws InterruptedException 
{
    driver.navigate().back();
    String title = driver.getTitle();
    System.out.println(title);
    Assert.assertEquals(title, "Learning and assessment solution for Universities and Enterprises");
}
@Test
//Current URL
public void currentURL() throws InterruptedException 
{
    System.out.println(driver.getCurrentUrl());
    String title = driver.getTitle();
    System.out.println(title);
    Assert.assertEquals(title, "Learning and assessment solution for Universities and Enterprises");
    driver.navigate().forward();
    driver.navigate().refresh();
}

@AfterTest
public void afterTest() 
{
    driver.quit();
}

报错信息 #

It is Throwing Session Not created Exception : 

Could not start a new session. Possible causes are invalid address of the remote server or browser start-up :

org.openqa.selenium.SessionNotCreatedException: 
Could not start a new session. Possible causes are invalid address of the remote server or browser start-up failure.
Build info: version: '4.1.0', revision: '87802e897b'
System info: host: 'eeeccebaefcebfacecbccfaabacdfdabdafecefecf-0', ip: '10.41.17.6', os.name: 'Linux', os.arch: 'amd64', os.version: '5.4.217+', java.version: '11.0.13'
Driver info: org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver
Command: [null, newSession {capabilities=[Capabilities {acceptInsecureCerts: true, browserName: firefox, moz:debuggerAddress: true, moz:firefoxOptions: {}}], desiredCapabilities=Capabilities {acceptInsecureCerts: true, browserName: firefox, moz:debuggerAddress: true, moz:firefoxOptions: {}}}] 
Capabilities {}
        at ai.iamneo.testing.Testing_Selenium_TestNg.AppTest.beforeTest(AppTest.java:24)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: NettyHttpHandler request execution error
        at ai.iamneo.testing.Testing_Selenium_TestNg.AppTest.beforeTest(AppTest.java:24)
Caused by: java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException: Request timeout to localhost/127.0.0.1:4444 after 180000 ms
        at ai.iamneo.testing.Testing_Selenium_TestNg.AppTest.beforeTest(AppTest.java:24)

pom.xml配置 #

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>ai.iamneo.testing</groupId>
    <artifactId>Testing-Selenium-TestNg</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>
    <name>Testing-Selenium-TestNg</name>
    <url>http://maven.apache.org</url>
    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.seleniumhq.selenium/selenium-java -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
            <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
            <version>4.1.0</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.testng/testng -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.testng</groupId>
            <artifactId>testng</artifactId>
            <version>7.4.0</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.0.0-M5</version>
                <configuration>
                    <suiteXmlFiles>
                        <suiteXmlFile>testng.xml</suiteXmlFile>
                    </suiteXmlFiles>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.8.1</version>
                <configuration>
                    <compilerVersion>11</compilerVersion>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

问题分析与解决方案 #

一、解决SessionNotCreatedException（请求超时） #

1. 确认Selenium Grid服务状态

   • 先启动Hub：java -jar selenium-server-4.1.0.jar hub
   • 再启动Node：java -jar selenium-server-4.1.0.jar node --hub http://localhost:4444
   • 访问http://localhost:4444验证Grid控制台是否正常打开，确保服务监听4444端口。

2. 修正代码变量命名（规范优化）
   代码中FirefoxOptions的变量名是chromeOptions，易造成混淆，建议修正：

   FirefoxOptions firefoxOptions = new FirefoxOptions();
   WebDriver driver = null;
   
   @BeforeTest
   public void beforeTest() throws Exception
   {
       driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://localhost:4444"), firefoxOptions);
   }
   

3. 检查浏览器驱动兼容性

   • 确保GeckoDriver版本与Firefox浏览器、Selenium 4.1.0匹配
   • 若系统PATH未包含GeckoDriver，可在代码中指定路径：

     System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", "/path/to/geckodriver");
     

4. 排查网络与端口连通性

   • 用telnet localhost 4444或nc -zv localhost 4444测试端口是否可访问
   • 检查防火墙是否拦截4444端口通信

二、解决Maven Surefire插件构建失败 #

3.0.0-M5是Surefire插件的里程碑版本，稳定性和兼容性不足，建议替换为稳定版：

1. 更新pom.xml插件版本
   将插件版本改为稳定版（如3.2.5）：

   <plugin>
       <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
       <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
       <version>3.2.5</version>
       <configuration>
           <suiteXmlFiles>
               <suiteXmlFile>testng.xml</suiteXmlFile>
           </suiteXmlFiles>
       </configuration>
   </plugin>
   

2. 重新构建测试
   执行mvn clean test验证构建是否成功，稳定版插件与TestNG 7.4.0兼容性更好，可避免里程碑版本的未知bug。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Dharma176