Ubuntu 20.04无法安装Python、MySQL等软件，依赖问题求助

系统环境 #

$ uname -a
Linux asus 5.8.0-43-generic #49~20.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Feb 5 09:57:56 UTC 2021 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 20.04.4 LTS
Release:        20.04
Codename:       focal

报错信息 #

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
libnss3-dev : Depends: libnss3 (= 2:3.49.1-1ubuntu1.9) but 2:3.49.1-1ubuntu1.6 is to be installed
Depends: libnspr4-dev (>= 4.6.6-1) but it is not going to be installed
libsqlite3-dev : Depends: libsqlite3-0 (= 3.31.1-4ubuntu0.5) but 3.31.1-4ubuntu0.3 is to be installed
libssl-dev : Depends: libssl1.1 (= 1.1.1f-1ubuntu2.17) but 1.1.1f-1ubuntu2.16 is to be installed
zlib1g-dev : Depends: zlib1g (= 1:1.2.11.dfsg-2ubuntu1.5) but 1:1.2.11.dfsg-2ubuntu1.3 is to be installed
zoom : Depends: libgl1-mesa-glx but it is not going to be installed
Depends: libegl1-mesa but it is not going to be installed
Depends: libxcb-xtest0 but it is not going to be installed
E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt --fix-broken install' with no packages (or specify a solution).

已尝试apt --fix-broken install无效，需解决依赖冲突以安装Python 3.10.10、tkinter、mysql-client等软件。

解决步骤 #

1. 更新软件源并升级系统包 #

先同步最新包索引，升级所有可更新的包，修复版本不匹配问题：

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade -y

若升级时提示依赖缺失，添加--fix-missing参数重试：

sudo apt upgrade -y --fix-missing

2. 手动安装指定依赖包 #

针对报错中的依赖项，逐一安装对应版本或缺失包：

# 安装libnspr4-dev及匹配版本的libnss3
sudo apt install libnspr4-dev libnss3=2:3.49.1-1ubuntu1.9 -y

# 安装匹配版本的libsqlite3-0
sudo apt install libsqlite3-0=3.31.1-4ubuntu0.5 -y

# 安装匹配版本的libssl1.1
sudo apt install libssl1.1=1.1.1f-1ubuntu2.17 -y

# 安装匹配版本的zlib1g
sudo apt install zlib1g=1:1.2.11.dfsg-2ubuntu1.5 -y

# 安装Zoom缺失的依赖
sudo apt install libgl1-mesa-glx libegl1-mesa libxcb-xtest0 -y

3. 再次修复依赖 #

完成上述操作后，重新运行依赖修复命令：

sudo apt --fix-broken install -y

4. 安装目标软件 #

依赖问题解决后，安装所需软件：

# 通过deadsnakes源安装Python 3.10.10和tkinter
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa -y
sudo apt update
sudo apt install python3.10 python3.10-tk -y

# 安装mysql-client
sudo apt install mysql-client -y

5. 极端情况：清理并重置包数据库 #

若以上步骤无效，尝试清理缓存并重新配置包数据库：

sudo apt clean
sudo apt autoclean
sudo dpkg --configure -a
sudo apt update

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Igor Karo