使用@SpringBootTest集成测试时无法初始化PostgreSQL数据库

问题场景 #

我使用@SpringBootTest编写集成测试，尝试通过Testcontainers自动启动PostgreSQL数据库，搭配Flyway做数据库迁移，但应用启动失败，报错提示PostgreSQL驱动不识别Testcontainers格式的JDBC URL。

测试基类代码 #

@SpringBootTest
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
@Transactional
@ActiveProfiles("test")
abstract public class IntegrationTest {

    @Autowired
    protected MockMvc mvc;
}

控制器测试类 #

class ProductControllerTest extends IntegrationTest {

    @Test
    // @Sql("/create-product.sql")
    void findById() throws Exception {
        mvc.perform((get("/api/v1/products/{id}", 1)))
                .andExpect(status().isOk())
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.data.name", equalTo("TV")));
    }

    //...

}

测试环境配置（application-test.yml） #

spring:
  datasource:
#    url: jdbc:postgresql:13.2-alpine://product
#    url: jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/product
     url: jdbc:tc:postgresql:11:1:///product

  flyway:
    enabled: true
    placeholderReplacement: false
    baseline-on-migrate: true

报错信息 #

Exception encountered during context initialization - cancelling refresh attempt: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'flywayInitializer' defined in class path resource [org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/flyway/FlywayAutoConfiguration$FlywayConfiguration.class]: Driver org.postgresql.Driver claims to not accept jdbcUrl, jdbc:tc:postgresql:11:1:///product
2023-03-20 03:37:26.933 ERROR 26832 --- [    main] SpringApplication                        : Application run failed
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'flywayInitializer' defined in class path resource [org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/flyway/FlywayAutoConfiguration$FlywayConfiguration.class]: Driver org.postgresql.Driver claims to not accept jdbcUrl, jdbc:tc:postgresql:11:1:///product

依赖配置（pom.xml） #

<dependency>
            <groupId>org.flywaydb</groupId>
            <artifactId>flyway-core</artifactId>
            <version>9.15.2</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
            <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>



        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.testcontainers</groupId>
            <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
            <version>1.17.6</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>


<!--        Also tried with these -->

<!--        <dependency>-->
<!--            <groupId>org.testcontainers</groupId>-->
<!--            <artifactId>testcontainers-bom</artifactId>-->
<!--            <version>1.17.6</version>-->
<!--            <type>pom</type>-->
<!--        </dependency>-->

<!--        <dependency>-->
<!--            <groupId>org.testcontainers</groupId>-->
<!--            <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>-->
<!--            <version>1.17.6</version>-->
<!--            <scope>test</scope>-->
<!--        </dependency>-->

问题原因与解决步骤 #

1. 修正Testcontainers JDBC URL格式 #

你使用的jdbc:tc:postgresql:11:1:///product格式错误，Testcontainers的PostgreSQL URL正确格式为：
jdbc:tc:postgresql:<主版本号>:///<数据库名>
不需要携带补丁号（如11:1），修正后的URL：

spring:
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:tc:postgresql:11:///product

2. 完善Testcontainers依赖配置 #

Testcontainers需要专门的JDBC代理驱动解析jdbc:tc:开头的URL，推荐使用BOM统一管理版本，避免版本冲突：

<dependencyManagement>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.testcontainers</groupId>
            <artifactId>testcontainers-bom</artifactId>
            <version>1.17.6</version>
            <type>pom</type>
            <scope>import</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

<dependencies>
    <!-- 保留原有依赖 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.testcontainers</groupId>
        <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.testcontainers</groupId>
        <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

3. 配置Flyway适配Testcontainers #

Flyway默认会使用原生PostgreSQL驱动，需要指定其使用Testcontainers的数据源，同时显式指定Testcontainers驱动类：

spring:
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:tc:postgresql:11:///product
    driver-class-name: org.testcontainers.jdbc.ContainerDatabaseDriver
  flyway:
    enabled: true
    placeholderReplacement: false
    baseline-on-migrate: true
    url: ${spring.datasource.url}
    user: ${spring.datasource.username}
    password: ${spring.datasource.password}

4. 测试数据初始化方式选择 #

• 如果Flyway迁移脚本已经包含测试数据，无需使用@Sql注解；
• 如果迁移脚本仅负责建表，可通过@Sql("/create-product.sql")注解或者在测试类中调用Repository提前插入数据，两种方式均可。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者user21431812