Spring Boot 3中@WebMvcTest测试报entityManagerFactory缺失错误求助

问题背景 #

使用Spring Boot 3编写UserController的测试类，测试代码如下：

@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
@WebMvcTest(value = UserController.class)
public class UserConnectionControllerTest {

    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @MockBean
    private UserManager userManager;

    @Test
    public void retrieveUserConnection() throws Exception{

        UserConnection mockUserConnection = new UserConnection(158791, "Paul Smith", "1123977", "01");
        mockUserConnection.setDisabled(false);

        String expected = """
        {
            "userId": 158791,
                "name": "Paul Smith",
                "userAccess": "1123977",
                "userType": "01",
                "disabled": false
        }
        """;

        Mockito.when(userManager.findByUa(Mockito.anyString())).thenReturn(mockUserConnection);

        RequestBuilder requestBuilder = MockMvcRequestBuilders.get(
                "/users/1123977").accept(
                MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON);

        MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(requestBuilder).andReturn();

        JSONAssert.assertEquals(expected, result.getResponse()
                .getContentAsString(), false);

    }

}

错误信息 #

运行测试时抛出如下错误：

org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'jpaSharedEM_entityManagerFactory': Cannot resolve reference to bean 'entityManagerFactory' while setting constructor argument

项目主类配置 #

项目主类配置如下，实体类和Repository位于依赖jar包的com.acme.common包中：

@SpringBootApplication(
        scanBasePackages = { "com.acme.extranet", "com.acme.common" }
)
@EntityScan("com.acme.common")
@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackages = "com.acme.common")
public class ExtranetApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(ExtranetApplication.class, args);
    }

}

解决方案 #

原因分析 #

@WebMvcTest会自动加载主类的配置，而主类中的@EnableJpaRepositories会触发Spring扫描JPA Repository并初始化JPA相关Bean（如EntityManagerFactory），但测试环境未配置数据库连接等JPA依赖资源，导致Bean创建失败。

方案1：排除JPA相关自动配置类 #

修改测试类的@WebMvcTest注解，排除JPA相关的自动配置，避免测试上下文加载不必要的JPA组件：

@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
@WebMvcTest(
    value = UserController.class,
    excludeAutoConfiguration = {
        JpaRepositoriesAutoConfiguration.class,
        HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration.class,
        DataSourceAutoConfiguration.class
    }
)
public class UserConnectionControllerTest {
    // 测试代码不变
}

方案2：改用@SpringBootTest + @AutoConfigureMockMvc #

如果排除配置过于繁琐，可使用@SpringBootTest指定MOCK web环境，并配合@AutoConfigureMockMvc，同时保持UserManager的Mock：

@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.MOCK)
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
public class UserConnectionControllerTest {

    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @MockBean
    private UserManager userManager;

    // 测试方法不变
}

方案3：通过@TestConfiguration禁用JPA扫描 #

在测试类内部添加配置类，移除JPA仓库扫描的Bean定义：

@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
@WebMvcTest(value = UserController.class)
public class UserConnectionControllerTest {

    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @MockBean
    private UserManager userManager;

    @TestConfiguration
    static class TestConfig {
        @Bean
        public BeanFactoryPostProcessor beanFactoryPostProcessor() {
            return beanFactory -> beanFactory.removeBeanDefinition("jpaRepositoriesRegistrar");
        }
    }

    // 测试方法不变
}

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者robert trudel