从Census Data API获取数据失败，API密钥及JSON解析报错求助

我在Anaconda和Jupyter Notebook中尝试使用Pandas获取Census Track数据，但持续报错。我的代码如下：

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import requests
import geopandas as gpd

year = '2021'
variable = 'B09019_003E'
with open (r"pathToKeyFile/census_api.txt", "r") as f:
    c = f.read();

url='https://api.census.gov/data/{0}/acs/acs5?get=NAME,{1}&for=tract:*&in=state:12%20county:057&key={2}'\
    .format(year, variable, c)
response = requests.request("GET",url)

response.raise_for_status()

print(response.json)

temp = pd.DataFrame(response.json()[1:], columns=response.json()[0])

执行print(response.json)的输出为：

b'\n<html>\n    <head>\n        <title>Invalid Key</title>\n    </head>\n    <body>\n        <p>\n            A valid <em>key</em> must be included with each data API request.\n            You included a key with this request, however, it is not valid.\n            Please check your key and try again.\n        </p>\n        <p>\n            If you do not have a key you may sign up for one <a href="key_signup.html">here</a>.\n        </p>\n    </body>\n</html>\n'

我的census_api.txt文件仅包含密钥。执行pd.DataFrame()时出现如下错误：

JSONDecodeError                           Traceback (most recent call last)
File C:\ProgramData\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\requests\models.py:971, in Response.json(self, **kwargs)
    970 try:
---> 971     return complexjson.loads(self.text, **kwargs)
    972 except JSONDecodeError as e:
    973     # Catch JSON-related errors and raise as requests.JSONDecodeError
    974     # This aliases json.JSONDecodeError and simplejson.JSONDecodeError

File C:\ProgramData\anaconda3\lib\json\__init__.py:346, in loads(s, cls, object_hook, parse_float, parse_int, parse_constant, object_pairs_hook, **kw)
    343 if (cls is None and object_hook is None and
    344         parse_int is None and parse_float is None and
    345         parse_constant is None and object_pairs_hook is None and not kw):
---> 346     return _default_decoder.decode(s)
    347 if cls is None:

File C:\ProgramData\anaconda3\lib\json\decoder.py:337, in JSONDecoder.decode(self, s, _w)
    333 """Return the Python representation of ``s`` (a ``str`` instance
    334 containing a JSON document).
    335 
    336 """
---> 337 obj, end = self.raw_decode(s, idx=_w(s, 0).end())
    338 end = _w(s, end).end()

File C:\ProgramData\anaconda3\lib\json\decoder.py:355, in JSONDecoder.raw_decode(self, s, idx)
    354 except StopIteration as err:
---> 355     raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting value", s, err.value) from None
    356 return obj, end

JSONDecodeError: Expecting value: line 2 column 1 (char 1)

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

JSONDecodeError                           Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[21], line 1
----> 1 temp = pd.DataFrame(response.json()[1:], columns=response.json()[0])
      2 temp['state'] = temp['state'].astype('str')
      3 temp['county'] = temp['county'].astype('str')

File C:\ProgramData\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\requests\models.py:975, in Response.json(self, **kwargs)
    971     return complexjson.loads(self.text, **kwargs)
    972 except JSONDecodeError as e:
    973     # Catch JSON-related errors and raise as requests.JSONDecodeError
    974     # This aliases json.JSONDecodeError and simplejson.JSONDecodeError
---> 975     raise RequestsJSONDecodeError(e.msg, e.doc, e.pos)

JSONDecodeError: Expecting value: line 2 column 1 (char 1)

我直接打开请求URL也显示API密钥无效，但我确定密钥是刚获取的，请问有什么解决思路？

• 清理密钥多余字符：读取txt文件时容易带入换行符、空格或制表符，读取后用strip()处理确保密钥纯净：

  with open(r"pathToKeyFile/census_api.txt", "r") as f:
      c = f.read().strip();
  

• 等待密钥激活：新获取的Census API密钥通常需要几分钟完成激活，稍等片刻后再重试请求。
• 手动验证密钥：直接复制密钥到浏览器的请求URL中测试，确认密钥本身没有输入错误。
• 检查URL拼接结果：打印拼接后的url变量，查看密钥部分是否完整、无额外转义字符或截断。
• 先判断响应类型：当API返回错误HTML页面时，调用response.json()必然触发解码错误，建议先做判断：

  if response.headers.get('Content-Type') == 'application/json':
      data = response.json()
  else:
      print("API返回非JSON内容:", response.text)
  

• 校验API参数合法性：确认年份2021、变量B09019_003E、州代码12和郡代码057是否属于ACS 5年数据的可用范围，避免因参数错误导致的密钥验证失败假象。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Mehdi Monemi