SpringBoot JUnit4测试报错：未找到@ContextConfiguration或@ContextHierarchy

问题场景 #

使用SpringBoot 3.0.4搭建新项目，编写MongoDB文档转Java对象的测试时，运行测试出现上下文加载相关错误，无法正常启动Spring容器。

项目配置文件（build.gradle） #

plugins {
    id 'java'
    id 'org.springframework.boot' version '3.0.4'
    id 'io.spring.dependency-management' version '1.1.0'
}

group = 'com.kriegzeug'
version = '0.0.1-SNAPSHOT'
sourceCompatibility = '17'

repositories {
    mavenCentral()
}

dependencies {
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web'
    testImplementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test'
    testImplementation 'org.junit.vintage:junit-vintage-engine:5.8.2'
}

tasks.named('test') {
    useJUnitPlatform()
}

测试代码 #

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class DataModelTests {
            
    @Autowired
    CardRepository cardRepository;
    
    @Test
    public void SoloWithNoAttacks() {
        // GIVEN
        String cardName = "Mortitheurge Willbreaker";
        
        // WHEN
        Card card = cardRepository.findCardByName(cardName);
        
        // THEN
        Assertions.assertEquals("Mortitheurge Willbreaker", card.getName());
        Assertions.assertEquals(3, card.getEdition());
        Assertions.assertEquals("2021 v1", card.getRevision());
        Assertions.assertEquals(List.of("Skorne", "Solo"), card.getKeywords());
        
    }
}

错误日志 #

14:14:10.538 [main] DEBUG org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTestContextBootstrapper - Neither @ContextConfiguration nor @ContextHierarchy found for test class [DataModelTests]: using SpringBootContextLoader
14:14:10.542 [main] DEBUG org.springframework.test.context.support.AbstractContextLoader - Could not detect default resource locations for test class [com.kriegzeug.college.DataModelTests]: no resource found for suffixes {-context.xml, Context.groovy}.
14:14:10.542 [main] INFO org.springframework.test.context.support.AnnotationConfigContextLoaderUtils - Could not detect default configuration classes for test class [com.kriegzeug.college.DataModelTests]: DataModelTests does not declare any static, non-private, non-final, nested classes annotated with @Configuration.
14:14:10.553 [main] DEBUG org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTestContextBootstrapper - Using ContextCustomizers for test class [DataModelTests]: [DisableObservabilityContextCustomizer, PropertyMappingContextCustomizer, Customizer, ExcludeFilterContextCustomizer, DuplicateJsonObjectContextCustomizer, MockitoContextCustomizer, TestRestTemplateContextCustomizer]

解决步骤 #

1. 修复SpringBoot启动类扫描范围 #

@SpringBootTest默认会扫描测试类所在包及其父包下的@SpringBootApplication启动类。如果启动类（如XXXApplication.java）不在测试类的父包或同包范围内，就会找不到配置。

解决方式：

• 把启动类移到com.kriegzeug根包（符合SpringBoot最佳实践）；
• 或者在@SpringBootTest注解里显式指定启动类：

  @SpringBootTest(classes = YourApplication.class)
  

2. 移除JUnit Vintage依赖 #

SpringBoot 3.x基于JUnit 5，junit-vintage-engine是用于兼容JUnit 4的依赖，和当前测试使用的JUnit 5 API存在冲突，会干扰测试上下文加载。

修改build.gradle的dependencies，删除以下行：

testImplementation 'org.junit.vintage:junit-vintage-engine:5.8.2'

spring-boot-starter-test已包含JUnit 5的所有必要依赖，无需额外添加。

3. 简化测试注解（可选） #

SpringBoot 2.2及以上版本中，@SpringBootTest已默认集成@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)的功能，可直接去掉该注解简化测试类：

@SpringBootTest
public class DataModelTests {
    // ... 测试代码不变
}

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者OnlyDean