使用PM2运行Node.js+Puppeteer启动过多浏览器报错求助

在无头Ubuntu服务器上，用PM2运行Node.js应用，通过Puppeteer启动浏览器。启动80-85个浏览器后，无法创建新实例，应用崩溃。已确认服务器内存和磁盘空间充足，核心报错为pm2-root.service is not a snap cgroup，不清楚该错误含义。

浏览器启动代码 #

....
    
const options = {
  executablePath: '/snap/bin/chromium',
  defaultViewport: null,
  headless: true,
  args: ['--start-fullscreen', "--disable-features=IsolateOrigins","--disable-setuid-sandbox", "--disable-site-isolation-trials", "--disable-features=BlockInsecurePrivateNetworkRequests",
    "--disable-web-security", '--ignore-certificate-errors', '--ignore-certificate-errors-spki-list ']
} 

options.args.push('--no-sandbox');
await puppeteer.launch(options);
....

系统信息 #

uname -a
Linux pot-n7 5.15.0-52-generic #58-Ubuntu SMP Thu Oct 13 08:03:55 UTC 2022 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

nano /etc/os-release
PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS"
NAME="Ubuntu"
VERSION_ID="22.04"
VERSION="22.04.1 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish)"
VERSION_CODENAME=jammy
ID=ubuntu
ID_LIKE=debian
HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/"
PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy"
UBUNTU_CODENAME=jammy

apt list snapd -a
Listing... Done
snapd/jammy-updates 2.58+22.04 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.57.5+22.04ubuntu0.1]
snapd/jammy-security,now 2.57.5+22.04ubuntu0.1 amd64 [installed,upgradable to: 2.58+22.04]
snapd/jammy 2.55.3+22.04 amd64

 snap --version
snap    2.58.3
snapd   2.58.3
series  16
ubuntu  22.04
kernel  5.15.0-52-generic

snap list core
error: no matching snaps installed

报错信息 #

核心启动报错 #

EROROR Error: Failed to launch the browser process!
0|npm  | /system.slice/pm2-root.service is not a snap cgroup
0|npm  | TROUBLESHOOTING: https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/blob/main/docs/troubleshooting.md
0|npm  |     at onClose (/var/www/twitch-client/node_modules/puppeteer/src/node/BrowserRunner.ts:327:9)
0|npm  |     at Interface.<anonymous> (/var/www/twitch-client/node_modules/puppeteer/src/node/BrowserRunner.ts:313:16)
0|npm  |     at Interface.emit (node:events:525:35)
0|npm  |     at Interface.close (node:readline:590:8)
0|npm  |     at Socket.onend (node:readline:280:10)
0|npm  |     at Socket.emit (node:events:525:35)
0|npm  |     at endReadableNT (node:internal/streams/readable:1358:12)
0|npm  |     at processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:83:21)

后续连锁报错 #

0|npm  |     TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'pages')
0|npm  |     at /var/www/twitch-client/src/autoBrowser.service.ts:98:47
0|npm  |     at runMicrotasks (<anonymous>)
0|npm  |     at processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:96:5)

解决思路 #

1. 错误原因解析：你使用的是Snap安装的Chromium，Snap应用默认会在专属的cgroup（控制组）中运行，而PM2进程属于system.slice/pm2-root.service这个非Snap的cgroup。当启动大量实例后，Snap的资源隔离机制触发，阻止Chromium在非Snap cgroup中创建新进程，从而抛出该错误。

2. 替换Chromium安装方式：放弃Snap版Chromium，改用apt直接安装，避开Snap的cgroup限制：

   sudo snap remove chromium
   sudo apt update && sudo apt install chromium-browser
   

   之后修改代码中的executablePath为/usr/bin/chromium-browser。

3. 调整系统资源限制：80+浏览器实例本身会占用大量系统资源，即使内存充足，也可能触发进程数或文件句柄限制：

   • 临时调整进程数限制：ulimit -u 65535，永久修改需编辑/etc/security/limits.conf，添加* soft nproc 65535和* hard nproc 65535。
   • 临时调整文件句柄限制：ulimit -n 65535，永久修改需编辑/etc/security/limits.conf（添加* soft nofile 65535、* hard nofile 65535）和/etc/sysctl.conf（添加fs.file-max = 655350），执行sysctl -p生效。

4. 优化实例管理逻辑：尽量复用浏览器实例，用一个浏览器打开多个页面，而非每次新建浏览器进程，从根源减少资源消耗。

5. 修复连锁报错：Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'pages')是因为浏览器启动失败导致browser对象未初始化，需在代码中添加启动失败的捕获逻辑，避免后续代码调用未定义的对象。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Kamuran Sönecek