如何解决Hedera测试网批量部署合约时的间歇性nonce重复错误？

当同时向Hedera测试网部署2个智能合约时，会间歇性出现以下错误（概率约20%）：

nonce has already been used [ See: https://links.ethers.org/v5-errors-NONCE_EXPIRED ]

错误出现无明确规律，目前无法确定触发的固定条件。

部署代码 #

我的部署代码如下：

const deploymentSigner: Signer = (await hre.ethers.getSigners())[0];
// console.log('Deployment signer address', (await deploymentSigner.getAddress()));
const scDeploymentPromises: Promise<Contract>[] = [];
for (let idx = 0; idx < scNamesToDeploy.length; ++idx) {
    const scName = scNamesToDeploy[idx];
    const scFactory: ContractFactory =
        await hre.ethers.getContractFactory(scName);
    console.log(`Deploying ${scName} on ${networkName} ...`);
    const sc: Contract = await scFactory.deploy();
    // NOTE deployment with constructor params not needed for these particular SCs
    const scDeploymentPromise: Promise<Contract> = sc.deployed();
    scDeploymentPromises.push(scDeploymentPromise);
}

// NOTE collect deployment promises without `await`-ing them,
// so as to be able to run them in parallel.
const deployedScs: Contract[] = await Promise.all(scDeploymentPromises);
deployedScs.forEach((sc, idx) => {
    const scName = scNamesToDeploy[idx];
    console.log(`Deployed ${scName} on ${networkName} at ${sc.address}`);
});

其中scNamesToDeploy是预初始化的字符串数组，包含需要部署的智能合约名称。

关键观察 #

如果修改循环内代码，改为：

await sc.deployed()

并移除后续的Promise.all并行逻辑，错误就不会出现。由此推测问题源于第二个部署交易在第一个提交后过快发起，但理论上应该支持并行提交交易，甚至在同一个“逻辑区块”内完成（Hedera实际无区块概念，此处为表述方便）。

详细信息 #

版本信息 #

使用的工具版本：

• hardhat: hardhat@2.13.0
• ethers.js: ethers@5.7.2（通过@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox@2.0.2引入）

完整错误详情 #

nonce has already been used [ See: https://links.ethers.org/v5-errors-NONCE_EXPIRED ] (error={"name":"ProviderError","_stack":"ProviderError: [Request ID: 356c0cee-949f-4f52-b936-25bbba9ef603] Nonce too low
    at HttpProvider.request (/Users/user/code/hedera/hedera-scratch/chain/node_modules/hardhat/src/internal/core/providers/http.ts:88:21)
    at processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:95:5)
    at async EthersProviderWrapper.send (/Users/user/code/hedera/hedera-scratch/chain/node_modules/@nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers/src/internal/ethers-provider-wrapper.ts:13:20)","code":32001,"_isProviderError":true}, method="sendTransaction", transaction=undefined, code=NONCE_EXPIRED, version=providers/5.7.2)

网络配置 #

hardhat.config.js中networks部分的配置如下：

hederatestnet: {
  chainId: 296,
  url: 'https://testnet.hashio.io/api',
  // gasPrice: Math.floor(rskTestnetMinimumGasPrice * 1.1),
  gasMultiplier: hederaTestnetGasMultiplier,
  accounts,
},
hederatestnetrelay: {
  chainId: 296,
  url: 'http://localhost:7546',
  // gasPrice: Math.floor(rskTestnetMinimumGasPrice * 1.1),
  gasMultiplier: hederaTestnetGasMultiplier,
  accounts,
},

注：实际使用的是hederatestnetrelay，即连接Hedera测试网的本地hedera-json-rpc-relay实例，因为它比直接连接公共RPC端点更稳定，直接连接会出现其他间歇性错误（“Unknown error invoking RPC”）。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者bguiz