安装Python MariaDB/MySQL工具时遭遇libmariadbclient-dev依赖冲突

当前运行的MariaDB版本 #

mysqld  Ver 10.5.15-MariaDB-1:10.5.15+maria~focal-log for debian-linux-gnu on x86_64 (mariadb.org binary distribution)

尝试执行的安装命令 #

sudo apt-get install libmariadbclient-dev

出现的错误 #

libmariadbclient-dev : Depends: libmariadb-dev (= 1:10.3.38-0ubuntu0.20.04.1) but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

当前已安装的相关软件包 #

libdbd-mariadb-perl/focal,now 1.11-3ubuntu2 amd64 [installed,automatic]
libmariadb-dev-compat/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
libmariadb-dev/unknown,now 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64 [installed]
libmariadb-java/focal 2.5.3-1 all
libmariadb3-compat/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
libmariadb3/unknown,now 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64 [installed,automatic]
libmariadbclient-dev/focal-updates,focal-security 1:10.3.38-0ubuntu0.20.04.1 amd64
libmariadbclient18/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
libmariadbd-dev/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
libmariadbd19/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
libmysqlclient18/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
maria-doc/focal 1.3.5-4.1build2 all
maria/focal 1.3.5-4.1build2 amd64
mariadb-backup/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64 [upgradable from: 1:10.5.16+maria~focal]
mariadb-client-10.3/focal-updates,focal-security 1:10.3.38-0ubuntu0.20.04.1 amd64
mariadb-client-10.5/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64 [upgradable from: 1:10.5.16+maria~focal]
mariadb-client-core-10.3/focal-updates,focal-security 1:10.3.38-0ubuntu0.20.04.1 amd64
mariadb-client-core-10.5/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64 [upgradable from: 1:10.5.16+maria~focal]
mariadb-client/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 all [upgradable from: 1:10.5.16+maria~focal]
mariadb-columnstore-cmapi/unknown 22.08.2 amd64
mariadb-common/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 all [upgradable from: 1:10.5.16+maria~focal]
mariadb-plugin-columnstore/unknown 1:10.5.19-5.6.8+maria~ubu2004 amd64
mariadb-plugin-connect/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
mariadb-plugin-cracklib-password-check/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
mariadb-plugin-gssapi-client/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
mariadb-plugin-gssapi-server/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
mariadb-plugin-mroonga/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
mariadb-plugin-oqgraph/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
mariadb-plugin-rocksdb/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
mariadb-plugin-s3/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
mariadb-plugin-spider/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
mariadb-plugin-tokudb/focal-updates,focal-security 1:10.3.38-0ubuntu0.20.04.1 amd64
mariadb-server-10.3/focal-updates,focal-security 1:10.3.38-0ubuntu0.20.04.1 amd64
mariadb-server-10.5/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64 [upgradable from: 1:10.5.15+maria~focal]
mariadb-server-core-10.3/focal-updates,focal-security 1:10.3.38-0ubuntu0.20.04.1 amd64
mariadb-server-core-10.5/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64 [upgradable from: 1:10.5.15+maria~focal]
mariadb-server/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 all [upgradable from: 1:10.5.15+maria~focal]
mariadb-test-data/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 all
mariadb-test/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 amd64
mysql-common/unknown 1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004 all [upgradable from: 1:10.5.15+maria~focal]
odbc-mariadb/focal 3.1.4-1 amd64

依赖问题解决步骤 #

1. 修复系统损坏依赖 #

先清理并修复系统中已有的损坏包和依赖冲突：

sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get -f install
sudo dpkg --configure -a

2. 安装匹配版本的开发库 #

当前系统安装的是MariaDB 10.5系列的库，需要安装对应版本的libmariadbclient-dev，而非Ubuntu默认源的10.3版本：

sudo apt-get install libmariadbclient-dev=1:10.5.19+maria~ubu2004

如果提示版本不存在，先确保MariaDB官方源已正确配置，再重新执行sudo apt-get update后重试。

3. 绕过系统依赖的替代方案 #

如果系统依赖问题无法快速解决，可以直接通过pip安装Python的MariaDB/MySQL驱动，无需依赖系统级开发库：

# 使用MySQL官方Python驱动
pip install mysql-connector-python
# 或使用MariaDB官方Python驱动
pip install mariadb

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者MW_DEVEL