执行nx serve命令时Nx Express的webpack构建失败

安全阿岳

2026-7-22

Node.js 18 + Nx Express 启动报错解决办法

机器运行Node.js 18.16.0，配置了包含React的新Nx工作区后添加Express，React应用构建运行正常，但启动Express时出现以下错误：

Error: Only URLs with a scheme in: file and data are supported by the default ESM loader. On Windows, absolute paths must be valid file:// URLs. Received protocol 'c:'
at new NodeError (node:internal/errors:399:5)
at throwIfUnsupportedURLScheme (node:internal/modules/esm/resolve:1059:11)
at defaultResolve (node:internal/modules/esm/resolve:1135:3)
at nextResolve (node:internal/modules/esm/loader:163:28)
at ESMLoader.resolve (node:internal/modules/esm/loader:838:30)
at ESMLoader.getModuleJob (node:internal/modules/esm/loader:424:18)
at ESMLoader.import (node:internal/modules/esm/loader:525:22)
at importModuleDynamically (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1186:29)
at importModuleDynamicallyWrapper (node:internal/vm/module:429:21)
at importModuleDynamically (node:internal/vm:106:46)

以下是几个可行的解决方向：

调整package.json模块类型：检查Express项目的package.json，如果设置了"type": "module"，改成"commonjs"；如果需要保留ESM格式，确保所有绝对路径导入都加上file://前缀（Windows系统下注意路径格式转换）。
修改Webpack输出配置：在Express项目的webpack.config.js中，添加output.libraryTarget配置为'commonjs2'，让打包产物符合Node.js CommonJS规范：
```
module.exports = {
  // 其他已有配置
  output: {
    libraryTarget: 'commonjs2',
    filename: '[name].js'
  }
};
```

更新Nx启动参数：在项目的project.json里，给Express的serve命令添加runtime参数，指定ESM加载器：

{
  "targets": {
    "serve": {
      "executor": "@nx/express:node",
      "options": {
        "buildTarget": "your-express-app:build",
        "runtimeArgs": ["--loader", "ts-node/esm"]
      }
    }
  }
}

降级Nx依赖版本：当前使用的@nx/express@16.1.4、@nx/webpack@16.1.4存在ESM兼容bug，可尝试降级到16.0.x版本，执行命令：
```
npm install @nx/express@16.0.0 @nx/webpack@16.0.0 --save-dev
```